Ina Troy? Birnin Troy shine tarihi. Troy a kan taswirar zamani

Yawancin ƙarni wannan birni da tarihinsa ba sa hutawa ga masana ilimin archeologists da masu sauƙi. Shekaru daya da rabi da suka wuce, Henry Schliemann ya gano inda Troy ke zama, kuma a shekarar 1988, yawan masanan kimiyya zuwa wannan birni mai mahimmanci ya karu. A yau, an gudanar da bincike mai yawa a nan kuma an gano yawancin al'adu.

Janar bayani

Wannan shiri Luwian wayewa, kuma aka sani a karkashin sunan Ilion, ne daɗaɗɗe birni da cewa an located in da ke arewa maso yammacin Asiya Ƙananan, kusa da bakin tekun na Aegean Sea. Wannan shi ne inda Troy ke kan taswirar duniya. Birnin ya zama sanannen shahararrun masanin tarihin Girkanci Homer Homer da yawancin labarun da labari, kuma masanin ilimin kimiyyar Heinrich Schliemann ya gano shi.

Babban dalilin da yasa duniyar da ta yi amfani da ita ita ce Trojan War da dukan abubuwan da ke faruwa. Bisa ga bayanin da yawun Iliad, wannan yaki ne na shekaru goma wanda ya haifar da faduwar wannan sulhu.

Na farko tsanya

Akwai maganganu dangane da yankin Troy ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka yi tunani. A shekara ta 1992, an yi yunkuri a kan abin da aka gano, wanda hakan ya haifar da gano wani makami wanda ke kewaye da birnin. Wannan tsanya gudanar nisa isasshen daga garun birnin, ya kewaye wani yanki na game da 200 thous. M ^2, ko da yake birnin kanta daukan kawai game da 20 ths. M ^2. Masanin kimiyyar Jamus Manfred Korfman ya yi imanin cewa, a cikin wannan yanki shi ne Lower Town, har zuwa 1700 BC. E. A nan mutane suna rayuwa.

Na biyu zaki

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1994, a lokacin yunkuri, an gano wani rami na biyu wanda aka gina, wanda ya yi kusan kilomita biyar daga sansanin soja. Duka tsanya wani garu tsarin tsara don kare sansanin soja, saboda su ba za a iya shawo kan a yaki da karusai. Masana binciken magungunan gargajiya sunyi imanin cewa akwai tasoshin ƙarfe ko bango na katako. Irin wannan ɗakin da aka bayyana a cikin "Iliad" wanda ya mutu, ko da yake yana da wuya a yau ya dogara da shi a matsayin rubutun tarihi.

Luvites ko Creole-Mykene?

Masanin ilimin kimiyya Korfman ya yi imanin cewa Troy shine magajin Anatolian ne kawai, kuma ba, kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi, da al'adun Crito-Mycenaean. Yanayin zamani na Troy ya ƙunshi mutane da yawa suna tabbatar da wannan. Amma a shekara ta 1995, an gano wani abu na musamman: a nan mun sami hatimi tare da hotunan hoto a harshen Luvian, wanda aka rarraba a baya a Asia Minor. Amma a yanzu, rashin alheri, babu wani sabon binciken da aka samu, wanda zai iya tabbatar da shaida a Troy cewa sunyi wannan harshe.

Duk da haka, Korfman ya tabbata cewa dattawa Trojans sune zuriyar mutanen Indo-Turai ne kuma sun kasance daga asalin Luwian. Wannan shi ne mutanen dake kusa da karni na 2 BC. E. An tashi zuwa Anatolia. Yawancin abubuwa da aka samo su a lokacin yunkuri a Troy, mafi yawancin sun kasance cikin wannan wayewar, maimakon Girkanci. Akwai wasu dalilai masu yawa waɗanda ke goyan bayan yiwuwar wannan zato. A cikin ƙasa inda Troy ya kasance, ganuwar ganuwar ta kama da Mycenaean, kuma bayyanar gidaje yana da mahimmanci na ginin Anatolian.

Addini

A lokacin da aka yi amfani da su da yawa a nan, an gano abubuwan kirki na Hitti-Luwian. Kusa da ƙofar kudancin akwai ƙafa huɗu, wanda a al'adun Hittiyawa ya nuna alamar allahntaka. Bugu da ƙari, wurin kabari, wanda yake kusa da ganuwar birni, alamu na kiyayewa. Tun da cewa wannan tafarkin binnewa ba shi da tabbas ga mutanen Yammacin Turai, yayin da Hittiyawa suka koma wurinsa, wannan kuma wani abu ne na goyon bayan ka'idar Korfman. Duk da haka, a yau yana da matukar wuya a ƙayyade ainihin yadda yake.

Troy a kan taswirar duniya

Tunda Troy yana tsakanin wuta biyu - a tsakanin Helenawa da Hittiyawa - yawancin lokaci ya zama mai shiga cikin kisan gillar. A kullum akwai yakin, kuma abokan gaba sun kai farmaki. Wannan an tabbatar da shi a kimiyyar, tun a kan shafin da Troy ke samo, wato, a ƙasar Turkiyya ta zamani, an gano alamun wuta. Amma game da 1180 BC. E. A nan an sami masifar da ta nuna alamar lokacin wahala a tarihin ba kawai Troy ba, amma dukan duniya.

Trojan War

Idan a kan abubuwa masu tasowa da aka gano a lokacin kullun, kuma za ku iya faɗi wani abu na musamman, to, abubuwan da suka faru a fagen siyasar, da kuma ainihin gaskiyar su, suna cikin babban tambaya. Rashin bayanai da yawancin ra'ayoyin, sau da yawa illolin, wasu suna daukan nauyin kyan gani, wanda ya haifar da labaru masu yawa da labaru. Haka kuma ya shafi tarihin tsohon dan kabilar Girkanci Homer, wanda wasu masana kimiyya suka shirya suyi la'akari da shaidar mai shaida a kan rashin shaidar, ko da yake wannan yaki ya faru tun kafin haihuwar mawallafin waƙar, kuma ya san game da shi kawai daga bakin wasu.

Elena da Paris

A cewar labarin da aka bayyana a cikin Iliad, dalilin yakin ya kasance mace, matar Tsar Menelaus - Elena. Troy, wanda tarihinsa ya san matsalolin da yawa, an yi ta kai hari da yawa daga Girkanci da kuma kafin yakin, domin Trojans sun gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a Dardanelles. Bisa labarin da aka bayar, labarin ya fara ne saboda daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Sultan din Priam-Paris - ya sace matar Girka, kuma Helenawa suka yanke shawarar komawa.

Mafi mahimmanci, irin wannan taron ya faru a tarihin, amma ba wai kawai dalilin yakin ba ne. Wannan lamari ya kasance mafi girma, bayan da yakin ya fara.

Mai satar lambar sirri

Wani labari game da mutuwar Ilium, ya nuna yadda Helenawa suka ci nasara. Idan kun yi imani da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, ya zama mai yiwuwa saboda abin da ake kira Trojan horse, amma wannan jujjuya yana da sababbin sababbin. A cikin farko waka "Iliad", wanda ya kebanta wa Troy, Homer bai ambaci wannan labarin na yaki ba, amma a "Odyssey" ya bayyana shi dalla-dalla. Daga wannan zamu iya gane cewa, mafi mahimmanci, ƙira ce mai ban mamaki, musamman tun da ba a samo shaidar shaidar archa a shafin da Troy ke samo ba.

Har ila yau, akwai shawara cewa a ƙarƙashin mai satar lambar sirri Homer yana nufin rago ne, ko don haka ya nuna alamar jiragen ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin teku da suke kashe birnin.

Me ya sa aka hallaka Troy?

Tarihin birnin, wanda Homer ya rubuta, ya yi jita-jita cewa mutuwar birnin ya haifar da shi ne ta hanyar Trojan horse - wannan baiwar maraba ta Helenawa. A cewar labarin, Helenawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa idan doki ya kasance a cikin ganuwar birnin, zai iya kare kansa daga hare-hare.

Yawancin mazauna birnin sun amince da wannan, kodayake firist Laocoon ya jefa mashin a doki, bayan haka ya zama ya bayyana cewa ya kasance mai zurfi. Amma, a bayyane yake, dabarun da mutanen Trojans suka sha wahala, kuma sun yanke shawarar kawo kyautar abokin gaba ga birnin, wanda suka biya bashin. Duk da haka, wannan shine tunanin Homer, yana da wuya cewa wannan ya faru a gaskiya.

Multiyyered Troy

A kan taswirar zamani, wannan birni-gari yana a ƙasar Gissarlik Hill a Turkey. A lokacin da aka yi yawa a cikin wannan yanki, an gano ƙauyuka da dama, waɗanda aka samo a nan a zamanin da. Masana binciken ilimin kimiyya sun gano sunaye daban-daban guda tara wadanda suke cikin shekaru daban-daban, kuma dukkanin waɗannan lokuttan ana kiransu Troy.

Daga cikin fararen farko ne kawai hasumiyoyin biyu sun kasance a cikin aminci. Yainrich Schliemann yayi nazari na biyu, yana gaskanta cewa wannan Troy ne, inda sung priam Priam ya rayu. Yin la'akari da abubuwan da aka samo, mazauna mazauna ta shida a wannan yanki sun sami ci gaba mai girma. Ta hanyar sakamakon fassarar da aka samo shi zai yiwu a kafa, cewa a wannan lokaci cinikin kasuwanci tare da Helenawa a nan an yi. Birnin kanta ya hallaka ta.

Masana binciken zamani na zamani sunyi imani da cewa bakwai na samfurori - wannan shine Homeric Ilion. Masana tarihi sun yi ikirarin cewa, wutar ta fara da garin da sojojin Girka suka fara. Kashi na takwas shine sulhu na masu mulkin mallaka na Girka da suka rayu a nan bayan an hallaka Troy. Su, a kan asirin masana kimiyyar, sun gina haikalin Athena. Ƙarshen lakabi, na tara, ya koma zamanin zamanin Roman.

Sabuwar zamani ita ce babbar ƙasa, inda aka gudanar da hargitsi har yau. Manufar su ita ce ta sami duk wani tarihin tarihin da aka bayyana a cikin babban jinsin Homeric. Yawancin labaru da labaru suna ƙarfafa masanan kimiyya, masu bincike da masu bincike da masu sha'awar bautar rai har tsawon ƙarni da yawa don taimakawa kansu - duk da haka kadan - gudummawa ga gano abubuwan asirin wannan birni mai ban mamaki, wanda shine daya daga cikin manyan harsunan kasuwanci na zamanin duniyar.

A wurin da Troy ke samuwa, an gano abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suke da muhimmanci sosai ga kimiyyar zamani. Amma ba'a iya ba da kullun da aka samu ta hanyar kwarewa da yawancin masu ilimin masana kimiyya suka yi. Har wa yau, ya rage kawai don jira har sai sabon sabon hujjojin abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin Odyssey da Iliad. A halin yanzu, zamuyi zancen abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya a garin Troy.