Hoover Dam. Hoover Dam a Amurka: yi tarihin, description, photo

Hoover Dam ne a na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin da kuma hydroelectric iko shuka a Amurka. Yana da aka gina a cikin ƙananan kai na Kogin Colorado. A tsawo daga cikin dam ne 221 m. Shi ne a cikin Black Canyon, game da jihar Nevada , da kuma Arizona. Yana da aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa ga 31 th shugaba - Herbert Hoover, wanda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shiri. A yi na dam ya faru a 1931-1936 gg.

Hoover Dam aka sarrafa da ma'aikatar cikin gida Amurka Ofishin reclamation Division. Shi ne daya daga cikin shahararrun jan hankali na Las Vegas.

prehistory

Har lokacin da na yi dam Colorado (River) sau da yawa nuna da karko hali. A lokacin da snow narkewa a cikin duwatsu shi ne sau da yawa flooded asashe manoman ke da nisa da tushe. Designers yi imani da cewa shiri na dams don taimaka santsi daga hawa da sauka a cikin kogin matakin. Bugu da kari, shi aka sa ran cewa tafki za su tura da ci gaban na noman noma da kuma zama wani tushen samar da ruwa a yankunan da yawa daga Kudancin California.

Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da su aiwatar da aikin su ne wakilan jihar shakka, a Colorado tasa. River, musamman ta albarkatun ruwa da aka adalci rarraba a tsakanin masu amfani da. Akwai tunani cewa California, da dukan da tasiri da kuma kudi, don sa da'awar zuwa da girma daga cikin ruwa reserves na tafki.

Saboda wannan, a hukumar da aka halitta, wanda hada da daya wakilin daga kowace States damu, kazalika da wakilai daga gwamnatin tarayya. Aikinsu ya zama sa hannu Yarjejeniyar na Colorado River. Yana da aka gyarawa hanyoyi na rarraba albarkatun ruwa. Wannan paved hanya domin gina madatsar ruwan.

A yi na na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin wannan sikelin da ake bukata da amfani da gagarumin albarkatun daga jihar kasafin kudin. A lissafin da aka amince da kudi na White House da majalisar dattawan Amurka nan da nan. A 1928 Calvin Coolidge sanya hannu a lissafin ba da tafi-gaba domin aiwatar da wannan aikin. A farko na asusun tarayya da aka kasaftawa domin gina kawai 2 years daga baya. Shugaban kasar nan akwai Gerbert Guver.

A shirin kira domin gina wata madatsar ruwa a Boulder (Colorado kogin kanyon). Kuma ko da yake a karshe aka yanke shawarar kafa shi a cikin Black Canyon, da aikin zama da aka sani da Boulder Canyon Project.

yi

A yi na dams a jere da aka caje da dama kamfanonin. Daga cikin su: shida Kamfanoni, Inc., Morrison-Knudsen Company; Utah Construction Company; Pacific Bridge Company; Henry J. Kaiser & WA Bechtel Company; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd., JF Shea Company.

aiki

Ginin ya samu halartar dubban ma'aikata (a 1934 matsakaicin yawan kai 5251 mutane). A karkashin yarjejeniyar, an ba a yarda da aiki da] aukar ma'aikata na kasar Sin da ma'aikatan da jimlar yawan baki sojojin haya bai wuce mutane 30, yayin da suka tsunduma a cikin mafi talauci biya jobs. Yana da aka zaci cewa, a kusa da wani dam magina za a gina wani karamin gari, amma jadawalin da aka bita a cikin ni'imar kara yawan jobs da bugun sama da tsari (don rage rashin aikin yi, wanda shi ne sakamakon da girma mawuyacin). Saboda wannan, lokacin isowa na farko sojojin haya birni ya shirya ba tukuna, da kuma dam magina farko bazara ciyar a sansanonin.

M yanayin aiki da kuma gidaje yi jinkiri sa a wata doka, wanda ya faru a shekarar 1931. A daidai wannan lokaci da ma'aikata da aka tarwatsa karfi ( 'yan sanda amfani batons da makamai). Duk da haka, da taki na yi na gari, an yanke shawarar zuwa bugun sama, da kuma a cikin bazara na shekara ta gaba, mutane sun koma m gidãjensu. Caca, karuwanci da kuma sayar da giya da aka dakatar a lokacin da gini lokaci a Boulder City. Last ban nan ya zauna har sai 1969. Caca ne kasuwanci a nan ne ba a warware wannan rana, yin Boulder City kadai birni a jihar Nevada, wanda aiki da irin wannan ban.

yanayin aiki

Hoover Dam, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a wannan labarin, da aka gina a cikin mafi wuya yanayi. Wasu daga cikin aikin da ya faru a cikin Tunnels, inda ma'aikatan sha wahala daga carbon monoxide, wanda a nan su ne yalwatacce (wasu magina haka ya mutu ko zama nakasa). The m ne sai ya bayyana cewa, mutuwar kuwa shi ne sakamako da ciwon huhu, da kuma ya ba za a iya gudanar da dogaro. A halin yanzu, aikin gina madatsar ruwan da aka farko ginin, wanda aka bayar ga ma'aikatan lafiya kwalkwali.

A lokacin da gina madatsar ruwan (dam) kashe a total na 96 mutane. The sosai farko daga cikinsu shi da surveyor George. Tierney, wanda Muka nutsar a karshen shekara ta 1922 a Colorado, zabar da wuri mafi kyau domin yi. Abin mamaki, da latest wanda aka azabtar da dam bayyana Patrik Tirni, sai dansa, wanda ya mutu shekaru 30 daga baya, bayan ya auku daga wani spillway hasumiyarki.

na farko aikin

Gina Dam Dam aka shirya a kan iyakar da ke tsakanin Arizona da kuma Nevada a cikin kunkuntar mahara. Don karkatar da ruwa zuwa ga rami 4 da aka halitta daga batu na yi. Ya kamata a lura cewa jimlar tsawon 4.9 km. A shekarar 1931, aikin gina fara Tunnels kansu. Su wadata da aka sanya daga kankare, da kauri daga abin da yake 0.9 m, inda da amfani diamita na conduits kai 15.2 m.

Tunnels bayan shiri da aka partially katange "stoppers" yi na kankare da wani lokacin amfani da su sake saita wuce haddi ruwa. Gaskiyar cewa spillway ba ta hanyar jikin dam, kuma ta hanyar Tunnels cewa suna located in duwatsu, yana ba da kwanciyar hankali na dukan tsarin.

A yi na dams, caissons

Don hana mai yiwu ambaliyar ruwa, kazalika da kadaici na yi site aka gina 2-kammarie dam. A babba dam fara ginin a shekara ta 1932, ko da yake a lokacin allocating Tunnels aka ba su kammala.

Don tabbatar da lafiya aiki kafin gina daban-daban matakan kawar da ganuwar da kanyon aka za'ayi daga duwatsu da kuma sako-sako da duwatsu kwance: a farko suka gurgunta da Dynamite sa'an nan jefa kashe zuwa ƙasa.

Gina wani kankare dam

A tushe na dam farko kankare da aka zuba a 1933. Domin ta samar, an gano gaba filin daga ba na ƙarfe ba kayan. Bugu da kari, musamman ga kankare shuke-shuke da aka gina.

Tun da aiki da wannan sikelin taba baya sanya (ita ya kamata a lura cewa babu wani daga cikin duniya daga cikin dam ba za a iya kwatanta da sikelin da ginin), mai yawan fasaha mafita amfani a cikin tsari kasance, haƙĩƙa, musamman. Alal misali, daya daga cikin matsalolin da bayyana kankare sanyaya. A sakamakon haka, maimakon wani m monolith Hoover Dam aka gina a jerin juna ginshiƙai a cikin nau'i na trapezoids. Wannan yarda da matsanancin zafi da aka saki a lokacin solidification daga cikin cakuda dissipated.

Injiniyoyin gane cewa idan Hoover Dam za a gina a matsayin monolith, da kankare sanyaya zuwa bukata zafin jiki zai zama 125 years old. A sakamakon haka, fasa iya bayyana ba, amma a nan gaba zai haifar da lalata madatsar ruwan. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kowane Tsari mai sarrafa kansa a gaggauta sanyaya na kankare yadudduka dauke da sanyaya tsarin na karfe bututu inch inda kogin ruwa ya kwararo chilled. Dole ne in ce cewa kankare magance, kuma a yau ba a kammala.

powerhouse

Samar da wani rami domin hydroelectric iko shuka da aka gudanar a tare da rytom rami, wanda aka yi nufi ga tushe na dam. Dole earthworks aka kammala a shekara ta 1933, a wannan shekara ta farko kankare aka zuba a cikin sarari tashar.

A farko da wutar lantarki janareta tashar da aka samar a 1936. Bayan shekaru 25 a cikin zamani na tashar akwai wasu ƙarin janareto ke gudu. A halin yanzu lokacin da wutar lantarki shi ne samar da goma sha bakwai da janareto, matsakaicin ikon 2074 MW.

ikon rawa a yau

Da ikon shuka yana da muhimmanci sosai rawar a rike da balance mulki a yammacin Amurka. Daga kuzarinsu dogara a kan gyara nauyi ne a kan kowane oscillator cewa an kayyade ta rarraba tashar located in Phoenix. Sha'awa, da gudanar da tsarin ne a manual yanayin da aka yi amfani da har 1991. m walwa na tsarin da aka za'ayi.

architecture

Da farko aikin hannu mai sauqi qwarai gine-gine da zane na ginin da kuma hydroelectric dams. Yana da aka zaci cewa, m gefen Dam ne na al'ada bango, firam da saman balustrade, halitta a cikin Gothic Revival style. Duk da yake ginin ikon shuke-shuke a cikin general kada ta kasance daban-daban daga cikin sauki factory bene.

Mutane da yawa Sahaban na samarwa aikin da aka soki domin ta wuce kima sauki, wanda, a cikin ra'ayi, bai dace wani epochal hali, wanda ya sa da Hoover Dam. A sakamakon haka, to rework da aikin da aka kira su zuwa ga Los Angeles m Gordon Kaufman. Ya ya iya rework da aikin da kammala waje na wadannan gine-gine a cikin art Deco style. A sakamakon haka, da na sama na dam aka qawata da turrets, wanda "tsiro" kai tsaye daga dam. Bugu da ƙari, ya posted a kowane lokaci a kan spillway hasumiyarki. Wasu daga cikin su nuna Mountain Lokaci, da kuma na biyu - da North American Pacific Lokaci.

Sunan Dam

Da farko, da Hoover Dam aka gina a Boulder Canyon, saboda haka, a cikin aikin hukuma takardun da shi aka kira da "Boulder Dam". A lokaci guda bude na yi Ray Wilbur, Sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka ministan cikin gidan kasar ta sanar da cewa wannan makaman za a mai suna a cikin girmamawa da shugaban kasar Amurka Hoover. Wannan sanarwa sunayen shugabannin ci gaba Wilbur aiki al'adar manyan dams USA. A Amurka Congress ya amince da hukuma sunan a shekarar 1931.

A shekara daga baya, Hoover rasa da zaben zuwa Franklin Delano Roosevelt, da Democratic dan takarar. Bayan Roosevelt ya shiga ofis, United States gwamnati samarwa canza sunan dam a kan "Boulder Dam". A wannan lokaci, wani m shawarar da aka ba su riƙi, amma daga duk yawon shakatawa guidebooks da hukuma takardun wadanda shekaru, da sunan Hoover rasa.

2 shekaru bayan Roosevelt ta mutuwa, Dzhek Anderson, wani Californian majalisar wakilan, gabatar da wani daftarin da dawowar tsarin mai suna Hoover. The m doka hannu da shugaban kasar, kuma tun da dam ake kira "Hoover Dam".

kai darajar

A Dam har 2010 shi gudanar Babbar Hanya 93, wanda gudanar a arewa-kudu shugabanci da kuma ta haɗu da Mexican da kan iyaka da Arizona. Sashe na kan hanya, wanda shi ne m ga dam, da girma na daukar kwayar cutar kai da hanyõyi, ba dace. A hanya yana a cikin kowane shugabanci, daya kawai rariya, amma ta saukar da dam serpentine hada da dama kunkuntar da kuma m jũya, wuraren da talauci sosai ganuwa. Bugu da kari, cikin hanya ne batun m landslides.

Ya kamata a lura cewa, bayan hare-haren ta'addanci a 2001 da aka iyakance zuwa zirga-zirga ta hanyar da dam. Wasu iri motoci zuwa tafiya ne batun m dubawa ware nakiyoyi fataucin, da kuma sauran suna binciki kawai lokaci zuwa lokaci.

A 2010, game da Hoover Dam Bridge bude Mike O'Callaghan. Yana da muhimmanci ya karu da damar da karauka.

Tasiri a kan yanayi

Formation tafki Mead da gina madatsar ruwan da wani ma'auni sakamako a kan Colorado River, da ruwa da yanayin, da kuma musamman a kan ta yanayin kasa. Kamar wancan ne da pernicious rinjayar da yawa daban-daban manyan dams. Domin 6 shekaru da gina madatsar ruwa da kuma cika da tafki ruwa na yankin Neja Delta kusan kai.

Yi daina m ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ya bambanta da Colorado River mahara. Amma wannan a karkashin sa kai tsaye barazana nan da nan mai yawan jinsunan tsirrai da dabbobi da cewa saba na yau da kullum ambaliya. A yi na dam nisa da tushe na rage kifi alƙarya. A halin yanzu lokacin, 4 jinsunan kifaye wa'adi da nau'i nau'i.

Ko a yau, a kan ƙasa kusa Mead tafki da ka iya ganin alama daga cikin manya ruwa matakin, wanda aka kai a shekarar 1983. Wannan shi ne saboda wani rashin manyan adadin hazo wanda ya auku a sakamakon sakamakon El Nino a yammacin Amurka.

Hoton na wannan dam da aka yi amfani da wani iri-iri na ayyukan art. Alal misali, dam da aka ambata a cikin littafin "daya-storey America" by Ilf da Petrov, a cikin movie "Universal Soja" da "gidajen wuta" kazalika a cikin rai film "Beavis da Butt-kai."