Hijira daga dabbobi: misalai, haddasawa, iri. Me ya sa dabbobi yi hijirarsa?

Kada ka san me ya sa akwai wani hijirarsa na dabbobi? 7 aji san game da shi a ilmin halitta aji. Kuma ko da daga baya, yayin da binciko asirai na kimiyyar halitta, sani an fara koyar da yara su fahimci yau da kullum gaskiya: mutane ƙaura, migrating dabbobi. Kuma idan yana da kyau a fahimci dalilan da duk wannan.

Migrating dabbobi (Lat migratio.) - na yau da kullum motsi na wani rukuni na dabbobi tare da canji na babban mazauninsu na musamman hanya. Mafi na kowa irin wannan sabon abu a cikin tsuntsaye (duk da muka gani da fall hijirarsa na storks, geese, ducks, starlings da sauran tsuntsaye) da kuma kifi. Motsi dabbobi karatu kasa. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa su ne mafi yawa secretive hanyarsa ta rayuwa, su bi su ne sau da yawa m.

Hijira da pronounced Na'urar yanayi, wannan alama na dabba duniya da aka gani a wani iri-iri iri da kuma fito a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta.

Yanayi na hijira ne mafi halayyar da tsuntsaye, mazaunan temperate latitudes. su ne ma wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa: canza mazauninsu wildebeest, caribou, wasu jinsunan jemagu, kifi (sturgeon, Turai bano), da abubuwa masu rarrafe (teku kunkuru), crustaceans (lobster), kwari (monarch malam).

Me ya sa dabbobi yi hijirarsa?

Babban dalilin da motsi na dabbobi - mazauninsu canji, sau da yawa domin muni. Alal misali, caribou tafi daga farko na hunturu, daga tundra zuwa tundra saboda rashin abinci da kuma wahala da ta samar a yankin rufe da dusar ƙanƙara. A yanayi hijirarsa na microscopic dabbobi a cikin m ruwa daga zurfi sassa na tabkuna suna da alaka da canje-canje a cikin ruwa da zazzabi.

Babu kasa muhimmanci dalili - haifuwa, lokacin da wata dabba yana bukatar wani yanayi daban-daban domin procreation. Wani dalili na hijirarsa ake dangantawa da bala'o'i. za mu tattauna a wannan talifin a matsayin misali kowane daga cikin dalilan.

Species hijirarsa

Conventionally, iri biyu hijirarsa za a iya gano - aiki da kuma m. The aiki hijirarsa na dabbobi bambanta da dama subtypes: yanayi ƙungiyoyi ne (da daman), na yau da kullum (kwance, kuma a tsaye), shekaru. Ka yi kokarin fahimtar abin da ya ƙunshi kowane jinsi.

Saboda haka, yanayi (yau da kullum) hijirarsa na dabbobi. Misalai na irin wannan yunkuri suna mafi kyau gani a kifi da tsuntsaye. Don kwanan wata, kimiyya sani game da 8.500 jinsunan tsuntsaye, mafi yawan abin da suke zama a gida, ko da yake yiwuwa ga hijirarsa a cikin mazauninsu a cikin kiwo lokaci. Yanayi motsi feathered rashin himma mafi muhimmi occupants Arctic da temperate latitudes: tare da m hunturu lokacin da tsuntsaye tashi a wani softer, dumi sauyin yanayi.

An ban sha'awa, gaskiya ne: ya fi girma tsuntsu, da mafi nĩsa shi motsa, da karami na migratory tsuntsaye na iya zama a cikin iska har zuwa 90 hours tutur, shawo kan hanya har zuwa 4000 km.

Kifi ma ƙaura tsaye: a lokacin da ta ruwa ne kusan a farfajiya, a lokacin rani ko hunturu - ayan cikin zurfin ruwa. Amma kawai kifi biyu canza su saba kewaye - mai kifi da kuma Turai bano. M amma gaskiya: canji na kududdufai tare da gishiri da kuma sabo ruwa faruwa a wadannan kifaye sau biyu a rayuwata - at haihuwa da kuma lokacin kiwo kakar, duk da haka, wannan kawai ya shafi mace wanda, bayan kwanciya qwai aka kashe.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a lokacin da spawning kifi ruwan kasa beyar, ma, ƙaura, da barin cikin gandun daji, ya magance a kan waɗansu kõguna jiha tare da kifi. Saboda haka, shi dai itace cewa su bi su abinci Madogararsa.

Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, da na lokaci-lokaci hijirarsa na dabbobi za a iya raba biyu subspecies: kwance, kuma a tsaye. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan mamaki a daki-daki.

Takamaiman hijirarsa daga cikin dabbobin da dangantaka da motsi na dabbobi a search na abinci. Alal misali, da launin toka Whale, a lokacin rani koma daga Arctic Ocean zuwa Atlantic (subtropical, na wurare masu zafi bangare), inda a wannan lokacin tana cike da plankton - babban kifi Whale abinci.

Tsaye hijirarsa muhimmi a mai tsayi dabbobi, wanda a cikin hunturu saukar a cikin gandun daji, da kuma a lokacin rani, kamar yadda dusar ƙanƙara haduwa da kuma kona ciyawa a cikin kwarin, hawa baya hau dutsen ba.

Akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin shekaru hijirarsa na dabbobi. Irin wannan yunkuri an saukar da mafi kyau da misali daga manyan dabbobi masu cin nama. Saboda haka, Tiger, da asalinta, a Kadaitaccen dabba tare da kansa sararin ƙasa, wanda ya fita kawai a lokacin da Rut. An haife kwiyakwiyanta rayuwa tare da su uwa har da shekaru jima'i balaga (yawanci 3-4 shekaru), bayan da maza suna rabu da barin iyali a search na nasu ƙasa.

A Sanadin hijirarsa da kuma misalan

Mun riga yi magana game da abin da ya sa irin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda hijirarsa na dabbobi. Misalai na musamman wakilan tattauna kara.

Bari mu fara da gabatarwar kifi, kamar yadda biyu kawai da irin ne batun ƙungiyoyi. Wadannan sun hada da kifi da kuma Turai bano. Akwai 'yan sauran jinsunan, hijirarsa yi, amma game da su daga baya. Saboda haka me ya sa migrating kifi? Mene ne dalilin da?

Canza kifi mazauninsu

Anadromous kifi - wani jinsin da cewa na zaune a cikin wani musamman mazauninsu, amma kiwo lokaci matuƙa, ya canjãwa ta. Mene ne dalilin da?

Salmon (Lat. Salmo Salar) an haife shi ne a sabo da ruwa, sa'an nan tare da kogin kwarara ne motsi cikin sauri a cikin teku, da teku, inda ya na zaune 5-7 shekaru a jira na mafarki. Kuma a sa'an nan ya zo da dogon-jiran lokacin - mutane sun girma da kuma shirye su bar zuriyarsu. Just da abu - su son gishiri da ruwa, amma yara ki bayyana a ta haske. Kifi yana "ya ambaci" da aka haife shi a sabo ruwa, wanda ke nufin cewa wajibi ne don maye gurbin da m teku-tekuna da koguna, da kuma ma mafi alhẽri - a kan dutsen. Akwai, mafi sharadi gwargwado ga haifuwa. Amma ba dukan iyaye isa ake so burin - a nan zaune a predator, wanda deftly kama kifi a dutsen rafi, Ripping cikkunansu, kuma cin bãya kawai spawn. Iya da irin wannan ruwan kasa bear, wanda aka daura wa hijirarsa na dabbobi - tushen fodder.

Turai bano (Latin Anguilla Anguilla.) - cikakken bambanci da kifi. Acne aka haife shi a saltwater Sargasso Sea, wannan ya auku a zurfin 400 m. The mace samar da haske a game da rabi daga cikin qwai da wuce a cikin wani tsutsa kama da Willow ganye. Larvae da ta bambancin daga iyayensu samu a raba sunan - Leptocephalus. A cikin misali na kifi ba za mu iya la'akari daki-daki, ga irin m hijirarsa: da larvae fito fili ga surface, su zaba domin Gulf Stream, kuma haka shekaru uku da suka koma a cikin dumi wasu ruwa zuwa tekun na Turai na Eurasia. A wannan lokaci, shan siffar Leptocephalus bano kawai rage -. About 6 cm A wannan lokaci, bano koma a estuaries, suna ɗaga rafi, kifi ya canza kama zuwa wani adult. Saboda haka ke 9 ko watakila shekaru 12 (ba m), eels zama jima'i balagagge, kaifi jinsi bambance-bambance bayyana a launi. Yana da lokaci zuwa spawn - baya a cikin teku.

hijirarsa na dabbobi masu shayarwa

Gray Whale (Lat. Eschrichtius Robustus) na zaune a cikin Arctic Ocean, amma, Paradoxically, mace da namiji daga Oktoba fara matsawa kudu tare da bakin tekun. By Disamba-Janairu tururi kai Gulf of California, inda da dumi ruwa fara zuwa Dede, kuma haihuwa, bayan da maza koma ga arewa, da kuma ciki mace da mutane da kwiyakwiyanta koma gida a watan Maris-Afrilu.

Pregnancy Whales yana game wata shekara, don haka a cikin dumi ruwa ko juna biyu, ko kuma ya jawo wa haske sabon zuriyarsa. Ga matasa yana da muhimmanci sosai - a farkon 2-3 makonni na rayuwa, jariran a cikin dumi ruwan samun jiki mai, wanda damar da su zuwa komawa zuwa matsananci Arctic Ocean.

A cikin misali na Elk za mu iya bayyana irin wannan abu a matsayin hanyar dabba hijirarsa. Elk a kowa "Elk" (daga Latin. Alces alces), rarraba a cikin gandun daji sashi daga cikin Arewacin Hemisphere. Da zaran na farko snow, da waɗansu kõguna na rufe ne da kankara, Elk fara motsi zuwa kudancin yankunan, inda girma yana kiyaye ciyawa, tafkunan ba daskare. Sha'awa, migrating daga Oktoba zuwa watan Janairu, muz ne a kan tattaka hanya: na farko burbushi na mace da matasa maza motsa su. A kan hanyar dawo da dabbobi ake mayar da wannan hanyar, amma a yanzu maza ne gaba, share wata hanya daga sprawling ganye. Tare da m na wani rukuni na mazauninsu yawo - guda mãtã to daya gefen, mace da maruƙa - zuwa wani, maza - a cikin na uku.

Tigers (Lat. Panthera Taigiris), da most mambobi ne na cat, ne guda salon ga mace daukan up to 50 km² na sirri ƙasa ga maza - har zuwa 100 square kilomita. A taron faruwa a lokacin kiwo kakar, mafi yawan mace janyo hankalin namiji da kanta, da barin wani iri-iri tasirin. Takin damisa, namiji ya koma ga ƙasarsu ko don bincika gaba mace.

Anan mun ga wani misali daga hijirarsa na dabbobi a cikin mazauninsu, amma a take hakkin yankin kan iyakoki. New zuriya zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa muddin "yara" ba koyi da farautar, wanda daukan quite lokaci mai tsawo. Saboda haka, matasa ne da tigress kafin balagarsa, bayan da aka girma samfurori ne ya yi nasara da sabon ƙasa. Misalai na shekaru-hijirarsa za a iya kara da a baya aka bayyana Turai bano.

A taro hijirarsa na dabbobi kowa da yawa jinsunan, amma da motsi na jemagu - da indescribable spectacle. A gaskiya jemagu suna yiwuwa ga wani sedentary salon, amma idan da dabbobi rayuwa a cikin temperate zone, dole ka tafi, domin hunturu a kudu. Idan iska zafin jiki a hunturu an aje tsakanin 0 ° C, jemagu iya overwinter a attics na gine-gine. A wannan lokaci, linzamin kwamfuta fada cikin hunturu barci. Lokacin da tilasta hijirarsa jemagu suna shiryar da gabbai da kuma matsawa a kan waɗanda hanyoyi da ake amfani da daga tsara zuwa tsara.

Tunani na tsaye hijirarsa da kuma jawo hankali ga mazaunan duwãtsu. A duwãtsu, a tsawon dubban mitoci, sabon abu zooraznoobrazie: chinchilla, snow leopards, cougars, awaki, tumaki, yaks, Juniper grosbeak, fari-eared Pheasant, Kea. Ga dukan mazaunan tsaunuka ne halin da m Jawo da gashinsa su hana hypothermia dabbobi. Wasu daga cikin dabbobi a cikin hunturu a burrows hibernate, da kuma tsuntsaye a cikin crevices na kankara yi sheƙarsu da bask kungiyoyin. Amma wakilan hoofed saukar zuwa gindin cliffs a search na abinci, a bãyansu ne da yara, ke bi da ganima.

Ban sha'awa al'amari: The dutsen awaki da na tumaki, suna iya yin hijira ta cikin duwatsu, ba tare da fatar a kan dutsen en. Kuma duk godiya ga na musamman tsarin da hooves: da taushi gammaye ake mayar da sauri, hooves suna da ikon yadu motsa baya, wanda yana da muhimmanci a lokacin tuki a kan m ƙasa.

A dalilai na canjin na wurin tsuntsu habitats

Migratory tsuntsaye suna lura a duka biyu arewacin da kuma kudancin yammancin duniya. A sharper da sauyin yanayi da aka canza, da mafi pronounced flights. Saboda haka saba mana cara da kuma kurciyoyi suna migratory, idan live a arewacin yankunan, inda matsananci, ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters rabu da tsuntsaye foraging damar. Mazauna kudancin Turai ne masu zama a gida saboda rashin kwatsam canje-canje a cikin zazzabi. The hali na tsuntsaye a Afirka nan a lokaci guda za a iya gani a matsayin tafi daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma daga kudu zuwa arewa. Dalilin wadannan hijira da yake boye a cikin son na rigar ko bushe sauyin yanayi.

Birds iya sa quite dogon flights. Alal misali, mazauninsu na da fari stork (Lat Ciconia ciconia.) - a Turai da kuma wintering tsuntsaye a Afirka, sau 2 a shekara, shawo kan matsalar nesa a 10-15 dubu km .. Amma mafi musamman daga migratory tsuntsaye - Arctic Tern (Latin Sterna paradisaea.). Tern sheƙarsu a tundra, a nan ya zo da kajin. A kaka shi migrates a kudancin yammancin duniya, da kuma bazara ya koma da baya. Saboda haka, sau biyu a shekara tsuntsu nasara 17 dubu. Km. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin bazara da kaka tern tashi daban-daban hanyoyi.

motsi dabbobi masu rarrafe

Bari mu bincika misali a kan teku kunkuru (Lat. Cheloniidae), abin da ke haifar da taro na hijira na dabbobi. Sea kunkuru haifa kawai a wasu wuraren. Saboda haka, Atlantic Ridley (Lat. Lepidochelys kempii) replicates a kan wani guda tsibirin a Mexico, inda a shekarar 1947 masana kimiyya game da 42 dubu. Mãtã da aka rajista, wanda ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa sa su qwai.

Godiya ga wani zaitun teku kunkuru (Lat. Lepidochelys olivacea), da kalmar "arribida" ya bayyana a cikin Science. A sabon abu ne cewa dubban zaitun Ridley a rana daya za su Dede, sa'an nan ta tsibirin, mãtan kusan lokaci guda yi kwanciya miliyoyin qwai.

Me ƙaura crustaceans

Lobster (Lat. Achelata) kuma motsa a wani lokaci. A Sanadin hijirarsa wannan nau'in har yanzu ba bayyana da kimiyya. A cikin fall na lobsters tattara a cikin wani ayarin dubban mutane da kuma yin Maris daga Bimini Islands da Grand Bahama Bank. Duk da yake akwai daya kawai misali ne bayani ga irin wannan halayya: fall fara samun koma baya hasken rana da ta sa lobster mazauninsu canji.

Spiny lobster (Lat. Panulirus Argus) kuma dauke su wakilin nomadic crustaceans. A farkon hunturu, ya ke shiga cikin zurfi ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun dogon yi imani da cewa dalilin da motsi da lobster - haifuwa, amma daga baya an gano cewa, kwai-kwanciya auku yawa daga baya hijirarsa, kawai 'yan watanni. Masana kimiyya kira daban-daban dalilai na canjin na wurin lobster mazauninsu. Wasu, misali, imani da cewa hijirarsa daga wadannan crustaceans - a relic na Ice Age, a lõkacin da suka yi sanyi da hunturu a cikin warmer ruwa zurfin.

The hijirarsa daga lobsters - mai ban mamaki da gaske gani! Daruruwan mutane ginshikan matsawa daya bayan daya. Mene ne mafi ban sha'awa, lobsters kasance a akai lamba tare da juna. Saboda haka, duk wanda ya ke a baya, rike da eriya a kan harsashi na daya wanda ke gaba.

Misalai na kwari na hijira

Monarch malam monarch (Latin Danaus plexippus.) - cikin shahararrun mazauni na Arewacin Amirka. Sã'õ'in hijirarsa na dabbobi ta sanarwa a kan ƙasa na Ukraine, Rasha, Azores, Arewacin Afrika. A Mexico, Michoacan Jihar, ko da wani monarch malam ajiye.

A kan batun na hijirarsa ne ma wani kwari da bambanci: monarch - daya daga cikin 'yan wakilan ta aji, iya tsallaka tekun Atlantic. Tuni a watan Agusta, da wadanada fara ƙaura zuwa kudancin yankin. A tsawon rayuwar wannan malam - kimanin watanni biyu, saboda haka dabba hijirarsa daukan zamaninsu.

Diabase - haifuwa lokaci, wanda ya zo monarch, wanda aka haifa a cikin marigayi rani, da barin malam zuwa rayuwa ga game 7 months da kuma isa ga wintering filaye. Monarch malam yana da ban mamaki "rãnã haska", wanda damar na uku, a karo na hudu-tsara koma hunturu bariki da kakanninsu. Sha'awa, mafi m sauyin yanayi na wadannan malam bayyana a Bermuda, inda wasu kwari ne shekara-zagaye.

Ƙaura da Turai jinsunan. Fentin Lady, misali, hunturu da kuma irin a Arewacin Afrika, da zũriyarsu sun koma ga arewa da kuma shi ya kawo lokacin rani ƙarni, sa'an nan kwari da baya a Afrika. Tarihi ya mayar da kanta a cikin bazara.

Mene ne ban sha'awa, fentin lady tashi a kungiyoyin da za a iya rufe a nesa na 500 km a rana daya. All su iya tashi kamar yadda 5000 km a lokacin hijirarsa! Kuma gudun da suka yi wajen babban - shi ne 25-30 km / hour.

Wasu butterflies ba su ƙaura kullum, amma dangane da yanayin kawai. Wadannan sun hada da urticaria, mahaukaci, tramadress, kabeji, admiral. Duk wadannan jinsunan suna zaune a Arewacin Turai da Tsakiya, amma zasu iya kaiwa kudancin yanayi.

Amma da oleander shaho asu, misali, a shekara sa motsi daga Turkey da kuma Arewacin Afrika a gabashi da tsakiyar Turai. A can ne waɗannan butterflies ninka, amma, da rashin alheri, a cikin hunturu mafi yawan 'ya'yansu mutu. A cikin bazara, ƙananan tsara suna zuwa daga kudu.

Ƙananan taƙaitaccen ra'ayi da ƙaddara

A nan mun kasance dan kadan kuma an kwatanta dalilin da yasa dabbobi suke yin hijira. Lalle ne, dalilai sun bambanta, amma ina so in lura da mafi yawan al'amuran biyu. Dukanmu muna tunawa da labarin Mowgli, musamman ma lokacin da yarinya ya zo lokacin fari. Duk dabbobin da aka kusantar da su guda ɗaya, inda za'a yi la'akari da daidaituwa: dukansu daidai ne, farauta yana da kyau. Irin wannan hijirar yana faruwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin wurin zama, lokacin da dabbobi (yawancin mazauna mazauni, wuraren hamadar daji, daji) suna ƙaura a cikin lokacin fari don bincika abinci da ruwa daga wuri zuwa wuri, mafi yawancin wadannan basu da alaƙa. Duk da haka, yunkurin shanu, shanu yana ƙunshe da motsi na wasu masu cin nama (hyenas, griffins), wanda ya kamata a kasance a kusa da abinci. Saboda haka, abinci da ruwa suna sa manyan dabbobi da yawa daga jinsin suyi ƙaura.

Dalili mai muhimmanci shine haifuwa. Gudun daji na jiki a lokacin girbi, musamman turtles na teku, na da ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa.

Dabbobi da yawa na ƙaura: wasu a cikin kewayon, wasu sun rinjayi dubban kilomita don isa yanayi mai kyau; Na uku na cardinally canza mazaunin (tuna game da sturgeon da Turai eel).

Haka ne, gudun hijira na dabbobi daban-daban yana da bambancin yanayi, dalilai daban-daban, amma ya haɗa baki ɗaya - ƙishi don rayuwa.