Hatsarori a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. A nuclear hatsari: haddasawa, liquidators sakamakon

Samar da wani jigo na chernobyl masifa (as mafi girma nukiliya ikon shuka hatsari) da nasa sakamakon shi yiwuwa ba tare da wani fahimtar abin da ya ƙunshi dukan yankin kafin ban tausayi hadari. Saboda haka, wannan labarin ya kamata a fara da tarihin nuclear gundumar, Kyiv yankin, mafi daidai, ko da tare da tarihi na garin nuclear. A hatsari a nukiliya ikon shuka Ya daidaita alaka birnin tare da mutumin da aka yi da bala'i, amma da farko ya ambaci shi nema a mayar da 15th karni (a Lithuanian kafofin), kuma shi yana da dogon tarihi.

Tarihi na nuclear da ta kewayensa

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Ukrainian ƙasashe Polish magnates a cikin 16th karni a cikin kusanci da nuclear da aka gina wata babbar castle, wanda tsira da ba rana kawai moat. Nuclear kanta (as m daga babban birnin na Commonwealth) da aka zaune mafi yawa daga Yahudawa, ta hanyar wanda ya zama daya daga cikin cibiyoyin Hasidism (daya daga cikin kõguna na Yahudanci) bayan da mazauna a garin daular Hasidic rabbi Menachem Tver. Bayan shiga nuclear zuwa Rasha Empire a kauyen suka fara samar Ukrainian al'adu, nuclear ya zama cibiyar Ukrainian songs na Arewa Polissya. A lokacin Nazi zama na gari daina zama cibiyar Yahudawa rai, saboda wasu dalilai. Bayan da yaki ya ƙare a chernobye fara wani lokaci na ci gaba da masana'antu. Alƙarya samu matsayi na birnin da yawan girma.

Saboda haka, nuclear wanzu da da ewa kafin akwai wani hatsari a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka. A garin ya dade da aka hade ba kawai tare da makaman nukiliya ikon shuka, amma shi ne ma wani masana'antu cibiyar, kazalika da wuri na ci gaba Ukrainian da kuma Yahudawa al'ada.

Yi da kuma ci gaban da yankin nuclear

A shekarar 1970, na farko a cikin ƙasa na zamani Ukraine nukiliya ikon shuka da aka gina a cikin nuclear yankin, mai lakabin a cikin girmamawa ga shugaban na duniya proletariat VI Lenin. Hakika, Vladimir Ilyich da wani dangane da nuclear yankin, da kuma Lenin da kansa ya wuya kasance a wadannan wurare. Amma tun da nuclear nukiliya ikon shuka da aka gina a zahiri a cikin wani wõfintattu yawa cewa ba a san wani sanannen events ko shahararrun mutane, shi ne gaskiya cewa makaman nukiliya ikon shuka gina a cikin tsarin na shirin na ci gaba nukiliya ikon Tarayyar Soviet, da manufofin da wanda aka bayyana da Congress na CPSU, aka mai suna bayan mafi girmamawa a cikin Soviet jihar mutumin.

Ten kilomita to mafi kusa gari - dogon nesa zuwa gidan shuka. Saboda haka, gaba ga m nuclear nukiliya masana'antu da shi aka kafa kauyen Pripyat, samu a shekarar 1979 da matsayi na gari. A daukacin jama'ar na kumbura for 'yan shekaru da birnin da aka hannu a wani nukiliya ikon tashar ko kuma bauta wa jami'ansa a cikin birnin. All birane masana'antu da aka yi niyya kawai a tabbatar da bukatun da makaman nukiliya masana'antu da tashar. A lokacin da hadarin ya da yawan Pripyat ya kai kusan dubu 50 mutane.

birnin nuclear ba da makamashin nukiliya shuka ba wata 'yar alamar aminci, kuma Gwargwadon kusanci. Ya rayu da ransa domin ƙarni. Amma shi ya yi wani hatsari a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka, da alaka da birnin kawai yankin kusanci, Ya tabbatar da shi da cibiyar duniya hankali.

Crash na 1986

A shekarar 1983 ya kasance, kamar yadda suka faɗa, da sauri gina ta huɗu ta ikon naúrar na nuclear NPP. Shekaru da dama a baya, Soviet masana kimiyya gina makaman nukiliya ikon shuka a Iraki, wanda aka halaka daga iska mayakan Isra'ila Air Force. Wannan harin ya nuna cikakkar gazawan na Soviet nukiliya ikon masana'antu kafin mamaki kai hari, don haka Soviet nukiliya masana kimiyya ya fara tunanin yadda za a samar da wutar lantarki, zuwa ga birnin da kauyuka a taron na wani mamaki kai hari a kan wani nukiliya makaman. Domin da gwaje-gwajen a cikin wannan shugabanci da kuma na hudu naúrar aka gina, ya kange wani taron na shortcomings kuma flaws, sanya a lokacin da gini.

A dare, Afrilu 26, 1986 hatsari a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka ya faru a karo na hudu ikon naúrar na da ikon shuka. A lokacin da gwaje-gwajen da reactor, akwai biyu iko boma-bomai sun ayyana kara da unenviable rabo daga cikin dubban mutane na yawan na birnin Pripyat da kewaye yankin, ciki har da birnin nuclear. A fashewa da aka sa ta zafi fiye da kima daga cikin reactor, wanda yage kashe murfi da kuma saki babbar yawa radiation a cikin iska.

A Sanadin na nuclear hatsari

A Sanadin na nuclear hatsari ne mai kawo rigima topic yau, da kuma sa a gaba yawa theories kamar yadda inganci da kuma cikakken dama. Amma biyu a bayyane yake haddasawa cikar events za a iya gano a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka - da siyasa da fasaha.

dalilai na siyasa

A Tarayyar Soviet, lalle shi biya mai girma da hankali ga ilimi. Soviet jami'o'i kammala karatu sosai m kwararru a duk fannonin kimiyya da al'adu. Amma don motsawa sama da aiki tsani diploma ya na sakandare muhimmancin, mafi muhimmanci da aka nasarar a siyasa da horo, da kuma biyayya ga Party, ta high akida. Saboda wannan dalili, da matsayin babban injiniya na nuclear ya da wani aiki jam'iyyar ma'aikacin da kuma Shugaba, Nikolai Fomin, wanda yake gwani a fagen thermal ikon shuke-shuke, amma shi gaba daya m na makamashin nukiliya masana'antu. Ya kusan ba ya tsoma baki a cikin ayyukan su na ƙasa da kuma kaucewa amintacce mataimakinsa Dyatlov, nada wannan matsayi a cikin shekara na nuclear hatsari. Dyatlov ya da wani gogaggen nukiliya masana kimiyya, amma ya isa a Pripyat musamman da za su gudanar faranta wa gwamnatin gwaje-gwajen da reactor cewa gõdewa dare. Fomin kansa yayin barci cikin lumana a gadonsa.

Kuma woodpecker, kuma Fomin, kuma darektan na nuclear samun daya burin - to Curry ni'imar da shugabannin jam'iyyar zuwa hawa sama up da aiki tsani. A ƙarƙashin Dyatlov, taimake shi a kula da dakin a lokacin da gwaje-gwajen, sanin yiwu hatsarori da jan tare da reactor, tsoro ya sãɓã wa umarni na nan da nan magabatansu, kamar yadda barazana tare da sallama nukiliya masana kimiyya motsi daga dumi Pripyat, inda colder birni atomic masana kimiyya a Siberia.

Saboda haka, daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa da hadarin ya faru a chernobye ya, a daya hannun, sakaci na babban jami'in shuka management, da kuma a kan sauran - indecisiveness ma'aikatan ki bi da fili m disposition management.

fasaha dalilin

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, a daren da hadarin a ikon shuka gwaji da aka gudanar a kan umarni na Moscow da kanta. Fasaha manufar da gwaji da aka gudanar da wani daga wani cikakken kashewa na tururi turbines da ikon zuwa wutar lantarki daga janareto a low ikon aiki da reactor. Saboda haka, a ka'idar yana yiwuwa su kauce wa radiation zuba a harin bom na nukiliya ikon shuka, ci gaba da wadata da na wutar lantarki ga wasu lokaci.

Domin gwajin da shi ya zama dole don rage reactor ikon zuwa 700 wutar. Amma a cikin aiwatar da ragewan da reactor ikon ragu kusan gaba daya. Bisa ga umarnin nukiliya injiniyoyin da aka bukata don dakatar da reactor gaba daya, da kuma kawai sai a fara da shi a sake. Amma Dyatlov so sauri sakamakon, don haka ya yi umurni da injiniyoyi nuna duk iko da sandunansu daga cikin reactor, don tabbatar da iko da ƙarfi, sa'an nan haifar da kaifi Yunƙurin. Duk da haka, lahani a yi na reactor sa a cewa masu auna sigina domin iko da sandunansu ba a kawar da zazzabi karatu daga kasa daga cikin reactor, a cikinsa bayan cire sanduna da zazzabi fara tashi sharply.

Ba da sanin wannan, mayar da hankali a kan karatu, sun ci gaba da gwaji da damar 200 wutar (m zuwa 700 dole) da kuma dakatar da injin turbin. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar high-zazzabi ruwa da sauri evaporated, da kuma reactor fara overheat da cika fuska, amma injiniyoyi sun koya game da shi latti, a lokacin da ma'aikacin gan ganin an yadda tururi dage da kula da sanduna.

Farga da hatsarin da halin da ake ciki, Dyatlov yanke shawarar ci gaba da gaggawa raguwa a reactor iko. A zahiri, wannan yana nufin biyu iyakar nutsewa dukkan iko sanduna. A ka'idar, wannan zai haifar da wani m rage reactor zazzabi, amma injiniyoyi ba la'akari da cewa a kan iyakar da sanduna da bromine ne graphite, wanda shi ne da farko a takaice kiwata da zazzabi na reactor. Kuma tun da sandunansu saukar lokaci guda, da reactor zafin jiki ya tashi kusan instantaneously sau goma, sakamakon a cikin reactor tsayawa ba da matsa lamba da kuma fashewar.

Saboda haka, fasaha haddasawa na nuclear hatsari ake dangantawa da reactor shortcomings a yi, kazalika da mutum kuskure da kuma take hakkin da dokoki.

Fitarwa na mutane da kuma tasiri kima

Tun da nuclear hatsari ya faru a dare, da kimantawa makamantanta fara kawai da safe a kan Afrilu 27. Kafin 'yan kashe gobara da aka aika zuwa da kawar da wata wuta sakamakon daga fashewa. Bayan bincike na surface da kuma aunawa da matakin na radiation a cikin iska, wanda aka fiye da 120 x-haskoki (a wani kudi na har zuwa 20), ya bayyana bukatar fitarwa.

A wannan lokacin mutane a hukumance sanar game da bukatar dan lokaci fitad da nan kusa biranen Kyiv yankin. Sa'an nan babu wanda bai yi girma da abin da ya faru. A birni wuri domin fitarwa da aka gano, wanda aka fitar da dukan birane bas jiragen ruwa. Mutane kwashe sauri, don haka jama'a da aka tilasta su bar duk dũkiyõyinsu da gaskiya aiki a gidajensu, da kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ba da aka haramta don fitarwa saboda hadarin rediyoaktif samu.

Tun da nuclear hadarin ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, wata rana, mutane sun rasa kusan kome da kome: wani aiki, rufi a kan su kai, sanã'anta tsanani kiwon lafiya da matsaloli, da kuma da yawa a cikin 'yan shekaru, ya mutu daga radiation amai, rasa' yan uwa. Amma sakamakon da bala'i sun yawa girma Pripyat, nuclear da kuma dukan yankin. Radiation tafi zuwa yamma, kiwon da radiation bango a Belarus da kuma Tsakiya Turai. Don kara da matakin na radiation ko koka Sweden. Amma ba kowane mazaunin Pripyat da kewaye ƙauyuka ya bar wani kamuwa da yankin. Wasu mazauna, karfi da zama a haɗe zuwa ga ƙasar haihuwarsa, sun zauna a gidajensu. Wadannan mutane sun fuskanci downside na makamashin nukiliya.

hatsari kawar

Duk da kõrar ba, bar cikin reactor jefarwa m radiation, ba shi yiwuwa a matsayin akwai, haka ma, gaba daya dakatar da nuclear nukiliya ikon shuka nan da nan bayan da hadarin ya kasance gaba daya ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda haka, kungiyar na liquidators aka kafa domin kawar da sakamakon.

A liquidators na nuclear hatsari, aka rubuta da yardarsa. Daga cikin su kasance biyu da gaggawa yanayi ma'aikatar da kuma soja, ciki har da aikin soja, da kuma kula game da fararen hula. Soviet kafofin watsa labarai watsa shirye-shirye game da lafiya da kuma halin yanzu makamashin nukiliya, ya shaida cewa ta nan gaba. A wancan lokaci, mutanen da jahilai a cikin makamashin nukiliya, ba ku sani ba daga hatsarori da halin da ake ciki, domin a cikin liquidators na nuclear hatsari sun yarda, da gaske so domin ya taimaki kasa.

Kawai sai suka lura da yadda mugun gurgunta ya kiwon lafiya. Daya daga cikin manyan al'amurra ya cika reactor liquidators. A sakamakon haka, a kusa da reactor liquidators sojojin sarcophagus aka gina, wanda ya dakatar da yaduwar radiation kuma ba da bege cewa da zarar nuclear yankin za su sake zama wurin rayuwa.

Liquidators samu radiation kashi kashe mutane da yawa da dama shekaru. Wasu zama guragu, a bukatar m kula da lafiya, da tsada. Da farko Liquidators da zaran su aiki da aka aiko da jirgin sama zuwa Moscow a Cibiyar radiation amai, da daya ne kawai a wancan lokaci a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Wasu liquidators, kama a wannan ma'aikata, aka ceto. A wasu samu tallafin a cikin nau'i na pensions da amfanin, da kuma kiyaye su a cikin wani m Ukraine wa yau.

Sakamakon hadarin da nuclear yankin: halittar wariya zone

A sakamakon na nuclear hatsari sun catastrophic. All nuclear gundumar Kyiv yankin da aka gane a matsayin m for habitation, don haka abin da aka shafe da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa ga iko na Ivankov gundumar Kyiv yankin. A nuclear yankin da aka ayyana a sashi na rarrabuwa. A kan hanyoyi abu zuwa yankin da aka kafa wuraren binciken ababen hawa, da kuma yankin ƙasar da kanta ƙarshe masu garu don kare shi daga looters.

Game da wariya zone akwai mutane da yawa jita-jita, da Legends, ƙaho da yawa madadin Sanadin hatsarori a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Nuclear zone fiye da sau daya ziyarci cibiyar hankalin marubuta, 'yan jarida da kuma halitta na kwamfuta wasanni. An kuma janyo hankalin masu daukan hoto a matsayin wani wuri na hadari a shuka. Photos of wadannan wurare, sanya a postapokapalipticheskom style ja hankalin masu sha'aninsu dabam.

A ka'idar cewa nuclear zone ƙunshi asirin boye ta gwamnati, akwai a yau, duk da cewa da iko da shigarwa cikin yankin ba haka wuya, da kuma a chernobye akwai istinbadi yawon shakatawa balaguro din.

Yawon bude ido daga kasashe daban-daban janyo hankalin birnin Pripyat, wanda shi ne birni-gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda bayar da umarnin rike Soviet zamanin marigayi eighties. Tun daga nan, ya canjãwa kome. Woods kusa nuclear, sun zama ruwan tekun Atlantika, ya zama fi so wuri domin dayansu. A na da nuclear (NPP hatsari shi ya shafa zuwa karami mataki) ya game goma mutane sun koma gidajensu.

The darektan shi ma ban sha'awa ga hadari a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka. A fim "Butterflies", yin fim a Ukraine a 2013, ya zama wani real fitacciyar cinema, wanda damar da viewer zuwa kũtsa a cikin duniya na mutum motsin zuciyarmu, kama a cikin whirl abubuwan da ke faruwa a wannan lokaci.

Sakamakon hadarin ga dukan duniya. Duniya jama'a dauki

Tilasta fitarwa ya kai ga irretrievable asarar da ingantaccen al'ada da nuclear yankin, wanda mazaunan ya bar ba kawai a cikin Kiev yankin, amma kuma a ko'ina cikin kasar. Tarayyar Soviet da aka tilasta sake su hali zuwa makamashin nukiliya da kuma ta tartsatsi amfani. Har ila yau, wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa sakamakon da nuclear hatsari sun gurgunta ikon da gwamnati a idanun al'ummar jihar.

A duniya, musamman ma 'yan jari hujja, jama'a, siyasa da Cold War, ya bayyana wata babbar zanga-zangar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Address dangane da karuwa da ta radioactivity. Kafofin watsa labaran yammacin kasance cike da articles game da inhumanity na Soviet jagorancin jihar, cewa sakamakon hatsarori a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke - sakamakon wani m gwaji, cewa a gaskiya shi ba haka ba da nisa daga gaskiya. Musamman sharply da Tarayyar Soviet bayyana Japan, Soviet masana kimiyya kira dabbanci, wanda ba za a iya dogara da makamashin nukiliya. Zai yiwu jarida da suka rubuta wannan labarin bita ya views bayan da Fukushima hatsari.

Manyan hatsarori a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, a duniya

Ko da yake chernobyl masifa kuma an dauki wani manyan hatsari a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, a duniya, akwai kuma wasu ba kasa tsanani ya faru.

A hatsari a Three Mile Island

A cikin shekara bakwai kafin hadarin ya faru a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka, 28 Maris 1979 nukiliya hatsarin mota ya faru a Amurka, da ikon shuka Three Mile Island, wanda aka located in Pennsylvania. A wancan lokaci, wannan hadari da aka dauke mafi girma a duniya. radiation yayyo ya faru saboda wata nasara daga zafin rana bututu naúrar.

Duk da girma da hatsari a shuka, gwamnatin jihar ba su aiwatar da tilasta kõrar ba, tun da shi ba a dauke wani hatsari hatsari. Duk da haka, yara da mata masu ciki har yanzu rika dan lokaci bar gari na kusa Garisberg. A gaskiya daga nan kusa tituna da NPP maza bar kansu domin tsoron rediyoaktif haskoki.

Makaman nukiliya ikon shuka Three Mile Island bai daina aikinsa, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a yau, a matsayin mafi girma a US nukiliya ikon shuka.

A hatsari a Fukushima

Na biyu wuri a kan sikelin da sakamakon (bayan da hadarin ya) daukan cikin hatsari a Fukushima nukiliya ikon shuka, located in da Arewa maso ɓangare na Japan. Da hadarin ya auku 11 ga watan Maris, 2011. A sakamakon da karfi da girgizar kasa na 9 maki a cikin Richter sikelin ya tashi 11-mita high tsunami kalaman da cewa ambaliyar ruwa da Fukushima-1 ikon raka'a. Wannan ya sa da gazawar daga cikin reactor da sanyaya tsarin da ya kai ga da dama hydrogen fashe a ta aiki zone.

A hatsari a Fukushima nukiliya ikon shuka ya sa a manyan sikelin-saki radiation, wanda shi ne 20 sau mafi girma daga 'yar'uwarta nuclear. Game da 30,000 mutane sun rediyoaktif samu. Hakika, kawai godiya ga dace martani na Japan hukumomi, da kuma gaggawa shirinta gudanar don kauce wa m sakamakon fiye da entailed wanda ya faru a shekarar 1986 hatsari a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka. Duk da haka, masana sun yi hasashen, dole ne su kasance a kalla shekaru 20, yayin da sakamakon da hatsari ba za a cikakken neutralized. A bala'i shãfe ba kawai Japan amma kuma gabar yammacin kasar na Amurka, inda 'yan kwanaki bayan da fashewar, kuma, an karuwa a baya radiation.

A Japan, kamar yadda a cikin Amurka, aka ba za'ayi kõrar ba, kamar yadda na zamani atomic ikon kariya tsarin to sauri localize tushen watsi, su hana canji na dukan garuruwa a inda ba wanda yake zaune hamada. Duk da haka, Japan ya sa up tare da high matakan da radiation a abinci, ruwa da kuma iska a cikin ƙasa na Fukushima Prefecture, a cikin nan da nan kusanci na lalace reactor. Sanitary norms na radiation matakai domin da yawa kayayyakin an canza saboda gaskiyar cewa bi zuwa gare su ya gagara.

Lalle, makamashin nukiliya ne mai alamar da kuma m, amma aiki na nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke na bukatar karin hankali, kamar yadda Sanadin hatsarori a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke iya zama mafi m. Amma ko da tare da dukan bukatun ne babu tabbacin cewa wani ya ta sakaci ko disfavor yanayi ba zai haifar da hadarin. Kuma sakamakon hatsarori a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke da kawar da fiye da daya da shekaru goma. Saboda haka, a yau mafi kyau a duniya zukatan suna tunanin game da samar da wani iko madadin na nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke.