Gina jiki kira a cikin cell, da jerin biosynthetic tafiyar matakai. Kira na sunadaran a kan ribosomes.

Rayuwa ne a aiwatar da wanzuwar sunadarai na gina jiki. Wannan shi ne yadda aka bayyana, a da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya suka yi imani da cewa furotin ne tushen duk wata rayuwa. Wadannan kalamai ne cikakken daidai, saboda a cikin wadannan abubuwa a cikin cell mafi girma yawan asali ayyuka. All sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi taka rawa makamashi substrates, da makamashin da ake bukata a sake for kira na gina jiki.

Jiki ta ikon haduwa da furotin

Ba dukan data kasance kwayoyin ne iya gudanar da wani kira na sunadarai a cikin cell. Ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma wasu kwayoyin cuta ba zai iya samar da sunadarai, sabili da haka ne parasites ba da so abu daga cikin rundunar cell. Sauran kwayoyin, ciki har da prokaryotic Kwayoyin, suna iya haduwa da sunadarai. All adam Kwayoyin, da dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, fungi, kusan duk kwayoyin cuta da kuma protists rayuwa saboda da ikon na gina jiki biosynthesis. Wannan ake bukata domin aiwatar da tsarin-kafa, m, tsoka mai amsa sigina, kai da sauran ayyuka.

-Stage halayyar gina jiki biosynthesis

A tsarin da furotin da ake shigar wanda ke aiki a wani nucleic acid (DNA ko RNA) a matsayin codon. Wannan ne hereditary bayanai da aka buga kowane lokaci da cell bukatar wani sabon gina jiki abu. Da farko biosynthesis ne da baza na bayanai zuwa tsakiya na bukatar haduwa wani sabon gina jiki da kaddarorin riga kafa.

A mayar da martani ga wannan dispiralized rabo daga cikin nucleic acid, a cikinsa da tsarin ne masu lamba. Wannan wuri ne duplicated Manzo RNA da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa ribosome. Su suke da alhakin gina polypeptide sarkar a kan tushen da matrix - manzo RNA. A takaice duk biosynthetic matakai kamar haka:

• kwafi (DNA anya mataki rabo tare da shigar wanda ke aiki furotin tsarin).
• aiki (mataki na kafa Manzo RNA).
• translation (gina jiki kira a cikin cell a kan tushen da manzo RNA).
• posttranslational gyara ( "maturation" na polypeptide, samuwar ta uku girma tsarin).

Kwafi na nucleic acid

Whole cell gina jiki kira a ribosome yi, da kuma bayani game da kwayoyin kunshe ne a cikin nucleic acid (DNA RNA ko). Yana da yake a cikin genes: kowane gene - wani takamaiman gina jiki. Kwayoyin halittu rajista bayanai game da amino acid jerin wani labari gina jiki. A cikin hali na kau na DNA kayyade code da aka gudanar kamar haka:

• Ya fara da kwato da nucleic acid rabo daga histone auku despiralization.
• DNA polymerase maimaita cikin DNA rabo a cikin abin da gene na gina jiki da aka adana.
• da ninki rabo manzo ne RNA precursor, wanda aka sarrafa da enzymes cire maras coding abun da ake sakawa (a kan tushen daga gare kasancewa kira na mRNA).

Bisa proinformatsionnoy RNA da aka hada mRNA. Shi ne riga mai matrix, sa'an nan gina jiki kira a cikin cell ya auku a kan ribosomes (a cikin m endoplasmic reticulum).

Ribosomal gina jiki kira

Manzon RNA yana da gẽfe guda biyu, wanda ake yi daga matsayin 3`- 5`. Karatu da kuma gina jiki kira a kan ribosomes da 5`kontsa fara da kuma ci gaba har sai da intron - rabo wanda ba ya encode wani daga cikin amino acid. Shi ne kamar haka:

• Manzo RNA "strung" a kan ribosome, shiga na farko amino acid.
• ribosome motsa tare mRNA zuwa guda codon.
• Yana bayar da ake so canja wurin RNA (mRNA codon shigar wanda ke aiki data) na wani alpha-amino acid.
• amino acid ne a haɗe zuwa fara amino acid don ya samar da wata dipeptide.
• mRNA aka sa'an nan canja sake ta daya codon, a tire da wani alpha-amino acid ne a haɗe zuwa wani girma peptide sarkar.

Da zaran ribosome kai intron (ba coding Saka), Manzo RNA kawai motsi a kan. Sa'an nan, a matsayin ci gaba da manzo RNA, ribosome kai sake exon - sashe, da nucleotide jerin wanda yayi dace da wani amino acid.

Daga wannan lokaci ya fara sake gina jiki shiga monomers zuwa sarkar. A tsari ya ci gaba har sai da ya faru na wani intron ko har sai da tasha codon. Last polypeptide sarkar kira terminates, sa'ilin da primary gina jiki tsarin yana dauke kammala da postsynthetic mataki fara (posttranslational) canji na kwayoyin.

post-translational gyara

Bayan translation, furotin kira na faruwa a tankuna santsi endoplasmic reticulum. A karshen ƙunshi kananan adadin ribosomes. A wasu Kwayoyin su iya zama ba a nan a cikin shawara. Irin wannan yankunan bukatar samar da wata farko sakandare, ko manyan riga sa'an nan, idan aka zaɓa, da quaternary tsarin.

Whole cell gina jiki kira auku a wata babbar adadin kashe kudi na makamashi na ATP. Saboda duk sauran nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai da ake bukata don tallafawa gina jiki biosynthesis. Bugu da kari, wasu daga cikin makamashin da ake bukata don safarar sunadarai a cikin cell da aiki kai.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin sunadaran aka canjawa wuri daga daya cell zuwa wani wuri don gyara. A musamman, post-translational gina jiki kira auku a cikin Golgi hadaddun, inda shiga carbohydrate ko sia yankin polypeptide takamaiman tsari.