Galbraith John Kenneth: ra'ayoyi na asali

Galbraith John Kenneth wani dan kasuwa ne na Canada (daga baya) na tattalin arziki, ma'aikacin gwamnati, diplomasiyya da kuma goyan baya ga 'yanci na Amurka. Litattafansa sune mafi kyawun makamai daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 2000. Daya daga cikinsu shine "Babban Crash of 1929". John Kenneth Galbraith ya sake rubuta jerin sunayen marubuta mafi kyau a shekarar 2008, bayan da aka fara rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya. A shekarar 2010, yawancin masana kimiyyar sun sake rubutawa a karkashin jagorancin dansa.

Ganin Galbraith a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki sunyi tasiri da ra'ayoyin Webstein da John Maynard Keynes. Masanin kimiyya ya kusan kusan rayuwarsa (fiye da shekaru 50) a Jami'ar Harvard. Ya rubuta game da littattafai 50 da dubban littattafai a kan batutuwa daban-daban. Daga cikin shahararren shahararrun aikinsa shi ne fasalin ilimin tattalin arziki: "Ƙasar jari-hujja" (1952), "Society of abundance" (1958), "New Industrial Industry" (1967).

John Kenneth Galbraith: Tarihi

Future sanannun tattalin arziki wanda aka haifa a cikin iyali na Canadians Scottish lõkacin saukarsa. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu da ɗayansu. Mahaifinsa ya kasance manomi ne kuma malamin makaranta, mahaifiyarta mahaifiyarta ce. Ta mutu lokacin da Galbraith ya kai shekaru 14 kawai. A shekara ta 1931 ya sami digiri a aikin noma, sannan - malamin Kimiyya kuma ya kare Ph.D. a cikin filin. Daga 1934 zuwa 1939 ya yi aiki a matsayin na biyu (tare da karya) farfesa ne, a Jami'ar Harvard daga 1939 zuwa 1940-th - a Princeton. A shekara ta 1937 sai ya sami 'yan asalin Amirka da kuma karatun karatu a Cambridge. A nan ne ya fahimci ra'ayin John Maynard Keynes. Ayyukan siyasa Galbraith ya fara ne tare da aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a aikin Roosevelt. A 1949 an nada shi farfesa na tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Harvard.

Galbraith John Kenneth, ko kawai Ken (bai so sunansa cikakke ba), wani dan siyasa ne na siyasa, yana goyon bayan jam'iyyar demokuradiya kuma ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnatocin Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy da Johnson. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ambasada a Indiya na dan lokaci. Ana kiran shi masanin tattalin arziki mafi shahararren na biyu na karni na XX.

A matsayin likitan masana'antu

Galbraith John Kenneth ya kasance mai goyon bayan abin da ake kira kimiyyar fasaha. Yin aiki a gwamnatin Kennedy, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa shirin "sabon yankuna". Bisa ga fasaha da tattalin arziki na samarwa, ya bambanta tsarin daban-daban: kasuwa da kuma tsare-tsaren. Na farko ya hada da miliyoyin kananan kamfanonin da ke aiki a wasu masana'antu. Shirin tsari ya ƙunshi dubban manyan kamfanonin da ke samar da mafi yawan kayayyaki da ayyuka. Wadannan kamfanoni suna amfani da su ta hanyar kananan kamfanonin, wanda hakan ya zama babban kashi daga cikin farashi na manyan kasuwanni. Babban ɓangaren tsarin tsarawa Galbraith yayi la'akari da kamfani mai suna "balagagge". Ta hanyar da ya kamata ya zama wani fasaha wanda ya hada da masana kimiyya, injiniyoyi, kwararru a fannin kasuwanci da hulɗa da jama'a, lauyoyi, masu saka jari, manajoji, masu gudanarwa da sauran kwararru kuma suna kula da adanawa da ƙarfafa matsayin kungiyar a kasuwa.

Game da tattalin arzikin Amurka

A 1952, Galbraith John Kenneth ya fara shahararren shahararrensa. A cikin littafin "Amurkaismism: The Concept of the Power Contribution," ya kammala cewa, tattalin arzikin da ake sarrafawa ne ta hanyar hadin kai na manyan kasuwanni, manyan masana'antu da gwamnati. Kuma wannan yanayin, a cewar masanin kimiyya, bai sabawa Amurka ba. Ta hanyar karfi mai adawa, ya kira ayyuka na masana'antun masana'antu da kungiyoyi. Kafin ciwo na 1930-1932. Babban kasuwancin inganci ya gudanar da tattalin arziki. A cikin aikinsa Babban Crash na 1929, ya bayyana kwarewar sanannen farashin hannun jari a kan Wall Street da kuma yadda kasuwanni suka tashi daga gaskiya a yayin da ake zubar da hankali. A cikin Society of Abundance, wanda kuma ya zama mafi kyawun sakonni, Galbraith ya yi iƙirarin cewa, don samun nasara a bayan yakin duniya na biyu, dole ne Amurka ta zuba jari a gina hanyoyin da ilimi ta amfani da kuɗin da aka karɓa daga masu karbar haraji. Bai yi la'akari da yawan karuwar kayan aikin ba a matsayin shaida na lafiyar tattalin arziki da al'umma. Abubuwan da masanin kimiyya suka yi sunyi tasiri sosai game da manufofin da gwamnatocin Kennedy da Johnson ke bi.

Manufar sabuwar al'umma masana'antu

A 1996, an kira Galbraith zuwa rediyo. A cikin shirye-shirye shida, dole ne ya fada game da tattalin arziki na samarwa da kuma tasirin manyan hukumomi a jihar. Littafin "New Industrial Society John" Kenneth Galbraith a 1967 ya fito akan dalilan wadannan shirye-shirye. A cikin wannan, ya bayyana hanyar da yayi nazari kuma yayi jaddada dalilin da yasa ya yi imanin cewa kaddamar da komai ba ta dace ba ne kawai da wasu ƙananan sassa na tattalin arzikin Amurka.

Game da kudi kumfa

Ayyuka na Galbraith suna da alamar tambayoyi masu yawa. A cikin "Brief History of Financial Euphoria," wanda aka rubuta a 1994, ya binciki bayyanuwar tsararraki da yawa a cikin shekaru da yawa. Ya yi imanin cewa su ne samfurin tsarin sayar da kyauta, wanda ya danganci "ilimin kwakwalwa" da kuma "sha'awar yin kuskure." Galbraith ya yi imanin cewa ... "duniyar kudi ta kirkiro taran da kuma sau da yawa, sau da yawa har ma da rashin kwanciyar hankali fiye da yadda ta gabata." Yana da ban sha'awa cewa duniya rikicin na 2008 shekara, wanda mamaki da yawa tattalin arziki, ya tabbatar da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyi.

Abinda yake

John Kenneth Galbraith yayi la'akari da nazarin macroeconomic matsayin karin kayan aiki, ya yi imanin cewa samfurin neoclassical ba saba da halin da ake ciki ba. Dukkan ka'idodin masana kimiyya sun haɗa da tasirin manyan kamfanoni a kasuwa. Gabrayt ya yi imanin cewa sun kafa farashin, ba masu amfani ba. Ya yi umurni ga kula da jiha inda aka bukaci shi. A cikin Society of Abundance, Galbraith yayi ikirarin cewa hanyoyin da ka'idodin tattalin arziki na zamani suke da tasiri ne kawai a baya, a cikin "shekarun talauci." Ya bayar da shawarar da rage yawan amfani da wasu kaya ta hanyar tsarin haraji. Har ila yau, Galbraith ya gabatar da shirin "zuba jarurruka a cikin mutane."

Kaddamar da ka'idoji

Galbraith John Kenneth, wanda babban ra'ayoyinsa ya ƙaddara yawancin ci gaba da tattalin arzikin Amurka, shine abokin adawar samfurin kwaikwayon da aka kwatanta da tsarin tattalin arziki. Ta Nobel Milton Friedman ya yi tare da mutuncin zargi na masanin kimiyyar views. Ya yi iƙirari cewa Galbraith ya gaskanta da karfin ikon da yake da shi da kuma ikon kare iyakoki kuma ya ƙaryata masu amfani da damar da za su zabi. Paul Krugman bai yi la'akari da shi masanin kimiyya ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa Ken ya rubuta ayyukan kimiyya masu ƙwarewa waɗanda ke ba da amsoshi masu sauki ga tambayoyi masu wuya. Krugman yayi la'akari da Galbraith ya zama "mai jarida", kuma ba masanin tattalin arziki mai tsanani ba.

John Kenneth Galbraith (ya faɗi):

• "Ni don ayyukan da ake yi. Idan kasuwa yana aiki, to, ni ma shi ne. Idan ana buƙatar taimakon gwamnati, ina kuma goyon bayan wannan. Ina mai matukar damuwa ga wadanda suka ce sun cancanci kasuwanci ne ko dukiya. Ina goyon bayan duk abin da ke faruwa a wannan yanayin. "
• "Nazarin kudi, fiye da dukkanin rassan tattalin arziki, yana amfani da mahimmanci domin ya musanya gaskiyar ko ya guje wa bayanansa, kuma ba haka ba. Hanyar da bankuna ke samar da kuɗi yana da sauƙin cewa tunanin bazai fahimta ba. Yana da alama cewa samuwar wani abu mai mahimmanci ya zama babban asiri. "
• "Siyasa ba fasaha ba ce. Yana da zabi tsakanin mummunar da mara kyau. "
• "Babu tabbacin cewa hukumomi sun karbi wannan tsarin gudanarwa."
• "Bayan sun gabatar da kansu tare da zabi tsakanin canza ra'ayin kansu da kuma neman dalilin kada suyi haka, kusan kowa ya tsaya a karo na biyu."