Externalities - cewa ... kyau da kuma mummunan externalities misalai

Externalities - menene wannan? Don me suke bukatar zama? Abin da suke? Wadannan, kazalika da dama sauran tambayoyi ne za a amsa a cikin labarin.

janar bayanai

Wane ne externalities? Wannan lakabi ne saboda yanayi inda amfanin ko ta halin kaka na kasuwar ma'amaloli an ba kunshe a cikin price. Menene wannan yake nufi? Idan sauki, sun bayar da wani sakamako. Kuma za mu iya samar da externalities? Tabbatacce kuma korau - cewa su tasiri. Menene ma'anar wannan a aikace? Wannan yana nufin a halin da ake ciki inda akwai wani tabbatacce ko korau al'amurran da ayyuka na daya batun da sauransu. Abin da zai taimake mu mu fahimci abin da ya ƙunshi externalities? Misalai!

Yi tsammani muna da ciminti factory. Yana daukawa fitar da kima. Saboda haka, za mu iya magana da wani bayyane korau domin mazauna yankin. Amma idan da cewa wannan shuka zai sa a kan hanya zuwa mai kyau da kuma inganci, to, a can za su kasance tabbatacce externality. Ko da yake idan wannan za a iya kammala ba, ba za a rubuta wannan labarin. Externality - wannan shi ne wani sosai m topic.

Amfanin da kuma halin kaka

Su ne key abubuwa. Akwai wajen m zamantakewa da kuma masu zaman kansu da kuma halin kaka amfanin. Mafi sau da yawa a cikin hanyar waje effects ne da wanzuwar wani hilafa tsakanin wadannan dabi'u.

Bari mu dubi wani misali. Zata biyu abokai shiga wani kwangila. Amma ta halin kaka haifa ta hanyar bangarori uku da suke ba rayayye a cikin tsarin na kulla yarjejeniyar. Back to mu ciminti shuka. Yana haifar da mummunan externalities. Magana game da su duka kawar ba lallai ba ne. Amma da matakin na da tasiri za ta rage lokacin biyan zamantakewa ta halin kaka. Saboda haka, deben hanya - shi ne abu daya. Idan shuka zai aika da kansa kudi unguwar mazauna shakata (idan akai la'akari da misali na Tarayyar Soviet, inda ma'aikatan sau da yawa ya tafi a kan dima jiki), to, shi ne wani al'amari. Amma a karo na biyu idan akwai wani mummunan sakamako, kamar yadda da karuwa a cikin kudin da sumunti, fadowa zuwa gasa da sauran tattalin arziki aiki da kuma rage samar da kundin. Irin wannan fasali ne wani ɓangare na zamani tsarin jari-hujja.

A mataki na gamsuwa

Lokacin da na waje effects faruwa, externalities ba ko da yaushe aiki tare da daidaita yadda ya dace. Saboda haka, idan ciminti shuka da aka gina a kauyen, daga wanda har ta al'ada hanya goma kilomita, cewa shi ne abu daya. Kuma idan ya kasance a cikin birnin, inda kayayyakin more rayuwa ne da ci gaba, - shi ne quite wani. Rinjayi dogara a kan al'amurra da dama. Kamar yadda wani misali sikelin. Saboda haka, idan ciminti factory zai tãyar da mai yawa turɓaya da kawo da yawa damuwa, cewa shi ne abu daya. Amma idan ya na da wani aiki sarari sanye take da tace, kuma a kusa da akwai yawa gandun daji plantations, shi ne quite wani. Na'am, wannan ciminti shuka zai kawo wasu inconveniences, amma a kan karamin sikelin. Wanda idan da halin da ake ciki za a iya gyara ta caji jihar muhalli haraji da kuma shugabanci ga daban-daban manufofin da za su rage m masu zaman kansu da kuma halin kaka korau waje effects.

Aiwatarwa diyya matakan

The sakamako na iya zama quite rigima da kuma m. Saboda haka, bari mu dubi barasa. Babu wanda ke da wata shakka cewa shi ne cutarwa da kuma kawo wani amfani. Duk da haka, su ne sosai aiki ciniki. A wannan yanayin, babu tabbacin cewa amfani da wani ɓangare na uku ba za a shafa. Misali wani giya ya bugu kuma m wani ta hanci. Bad? Babu shakka! Amma abin da ya yi a cikin sharuddan diyya? The dokokin samar da cewa wannan al'amari na nauyin da tuhuma, watau sosai giya. Amma akwai kuma wani na biyu jam'iyyar - manufacturer! Daga shi ne za daban-daban excise aikinsu, wanda suke a gudanar da zanga-barasa yaƙin neman zaɓe, da yakin neman zabe ga wata lafiya salon, taimaka tare da gyaran fuska da kuma sauransu. Amma, abin takaici, kuna hukunta da abin da muke da shi cikin sharuddan barasa amfani ne a gaba wajen, ba su da tasiri. Saboda haka, da sayar da barasa ga manufar m amfani ne quite rigima cikin sharuddan diyya halin kaka.

kayayyakin jama'a

Amma isa game da sharri, bari mu magana game da m externalities. Idan akwai wani amfani da babu wani yiwuwar ko impractical yi mutane biya shi, sa'an nan ya wãyi jama'a. A nan, kuma, yana da muhimmanci a hawansa. A mafi kyau factor ne m jama'a kyau. Don haka ya kira effects, wanda aka yi amfani da dukan mutane, ko da kuwa ko da suka biya shi ko ba.

A matsayin misali, sama da tsabta iska ko itace. A peculiarity na wani m jama'a kyau ne kawai biyu Properties: da tare da la'akari da neisklyuchaemost. Abin da yanayi da ake ba kafa, kowane mutum zai iya yardar kaina amfani da wannan iska. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, na iya faruwa korau effects.

Kai da masu tilasta doka da tsarin. Ta aiki a kudi na haraji kudaden shiga. Idan akwai wani takamaiman tattalin arziki sadarwarka wanda ya kasa biya su, akwai wani free-mahayi matsala. Wannan halin da ake ciki shi ne disadvantageous ga sauran al'umma, amma gyaran dokar kamata a da za'ayi. Me ya ba biya haraji, ya kamata damu da kasafin kudi da sabis. Ganin cewa yanci da take hakkin doka a wasu al'amura kamata je kada a gane, domin dalilin cewa duk daidai suke a gaban shi, kuma babu ware.

Externalities a cikin tattalin arzikin

Wannan ne mai matukar ban sha'awa topic, wanda har zuwa yiwu ya kamata a ba fiye da hankali. Amma yayin da zasu tafi daya subtitle. Ya kamata a lura cewa a wannan lokaci ne da wuya a sami wani yanki da cewa, dã ya kasance mafi hoto na tsari. Tattalin arziki externalities iya daukar sosai daban-daban siffofin da shafi mutane da yawa hanyoyi. Misali a baya tattauna tare da tsada - kawai karamin sashi.

Saboda haka, bayyanuwar externalities za a iya daukarsa a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da kuma shan kan wasu zamantakewa wajibai kamar tabbatarwa daga cikin kindergarten, makaranta, playgrounds samu, mara izini datti juji don na zama gidaje da yawa da sauran abubuwa. Zaka kuma iya tuno da takamaiman azuzuwan kamar beekeeping. Saboda haka, mutum tsunduma a harkokin kasuwanci da kuma kula da farko game da kansu. Amma godiya ga shi, ga ƙudan zuma pollinate da itatuwa a cikin makwabtaka da yankunan, mutane samun zuma. Duk da haka, da suka iya kuma ciji kuma idan na fitina a kan wani ɓangare na mutum kwari. Ga irin externalities ne tabbatacce kuma korau.

ƙarshe

Ta yaya mai girma taken da muke son gaya more game da shi. Za ka iya tuna game da ilimi, wanda ilimantawa sosai ladabi mutane, wanda shi ne kasa cutarwa ga muhalli da kuma sauran mutane, da kuma yawon bude ido, wanda yana da kyau tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya da kuma tattalin arziki, da kuma tattalin arziki kansu inda m mutane tare da mafi girma ilimi iya ƙirƙirar taba more hadaddun da nagartaccen abubuwa. Ba lallai ba ne, duk da haka, manta cewa externalities - shi ne ma korau al'amurran, amma wanda ya bayyana cewa ta'aziyya za a iya cimma ba tare da wahala?