Experience Rutherford watsi da alpha barbashi (short)

Ernest Rutherford - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa da muhimman hakkokin koyarwar ciki tsarin da zarra. Ya haife masanin kimiyya a Ingila, a cikin wani iyali na baƙi daga Scotland. Rutherford ya na huɗu yaro a cikin iyali, a lokaci guda tabbatar da mafi talented. A musamman taimako ya iya yin ka'idar atomic tsarin.

Harufan ideas game da tsarin da zarra

Ya kamata a lura cewa kafin aka gudanar Rutherford ta shahara gwaje-gwajen a kan watsi da alpha gaɓũɓuwa, rinjaye a lokacin da ra'ayin tsarin da zarra ya model na Thompson. Wannan masanin kimiyyar ya m cewa tabbatacce cajin da aka gaba ɗaya cika dukan girma daga cikin zarra. A barnatar da cajin electrons, Thompson tunani, sun yi zargin bangaye cikin shi.

Abubuwan da ake bukata ga kimiyya da juyin juya halin

Bayan da ya bar makaranta, Rutherford a matsayin mafi talented dalibi samu tallafin £ 50 domin kara horo. Saboda wannan ya ya iya je kwaleji a New Zealand. Next, wani matashi masanin jarrabawa a Jami'ar Canterbury ya fara tsanani don nazarin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. A 1891, Rutherford ya fara rahoton a kan topic "The Evolution da abubuwa." Yana da aka kaddamarda wani ra'ayin karo na farko a tarihi cewa zarra ne wani hadadden tsarin.

Sa'an nan mamaye da ra'ayin Dalton cewa kwayoyin halitta ne basa a tsarar masana kimiyya. Waɗanda suke a gẽfensa Rutherford, ya ra'ayi da jũna quite mahaukaci. Sun masanin kimiyya kullum yana zuwa hakuri ga abokan aiki domin su "kaya." Amma shekaru 12 bayan haka, Rutherford har yanzu gudanar ya tabbatar da al'amarin. A Rutherford yana da damar ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a Cabendish Laboratory a Ingila, inda ya soma nazarin matakai na iska ionization. A farko gano Rutherford sun alpha da beta haskoki.

fuskanci Rutherford

A takaice game da bude iya gaya haka: a 1912, Rutherford da mataimakansa da ya shahara gwaji - alpha barbashi jefarwa daga tushen da gubar. All barbashi fãce waɗanda cewa ya bayyana tunawa gubar, motsi tare da wani tsayayyen tashar. Su kunkuntar rafi faru a kan wani bakin ciki Layer da tsare. Wannan line ne perpendicular zuwa takardar. Experience Rutherford watsi da alpha barbashi tabbatar da cewa wadanda barbashi wanda ya wuce ta wata takardar da tsare ta, don haka ya kira scintillation sa a kan allo.

Wannan allon aka rufi da musamman abu wanda glows lokacin da buga da wani alpha barbashi. A sarari tsakanin Layer na zinariya tsare da allo da aka cika vacuo zuwa alpha barbashi an watsar da su a cikin iska. Irin wannan na'ura ta yarda bincike don tsayar da barbashi an wãtsa a wani kwana na 150 °.

Idan tsare da ba a amfani da hani ga wani katako na alpha gaɓũɓuwa, allon kafa wani haske da'irar scintillations. Amma kafin su sanya wata tõshiya a katako na zinariya tsare, hoton ya canza. Fashewa bayyana ba kawai a waje na wannan da'irar, amma kuma a kan kishiyar sashi na tsare. Experience Rutherford watsi da alpha barbashi nuna cewa mafi yawan barbashi wuce ta cikin tsare ba tare da m canje-canje a cikin yanayin.

Duk da haka, wasu barbashi an deflected da wani fairly manyan kwana, da kuma ko da jefa baya. A kowane 10 000 da yardar kaina ta hanyar wucewa a Layer na zinariya barbashi daya kawai tsare deviates da wani kwana wucewa 10 ° - kamar yadda wani banda na daya daga cikin barbashi deflected a wani kwana.

A dalilin da alpha barbashi karkata

Me daki-daki dauke da kuma tabbatar da waƙa rikodin Rutherford - tsarin da zarra. Irin wannan matsayi na nuna cewa zarra ne ba a ci gaba da ilimi. Mafi yawa daga cikin barbashi da yardar kaina ratsa cikin tsare na daya zarra lokacin farin ciki. Kuma tun da taro na alpha barbashi kusan 8000 sau ya fi girma fiye da taro na electron, da karshen iya ba da wani gagarumin sakamako a kan yanayin da alpha barbashi. Wannan za a iya yi kawai da wani atomic tsakiya - jiki na kananan size, yana da kusan duk taro kuma duk da wutar lantarki na zarra. A wannan lokaci shi ne wani gagarumin nasara Birtaniya likita. Rutherford ta kwarewa ne daya daga cikin muhimman matakai a cikin ci gaban da kimiyya na ciki tsarin da zarra.

Sauran binciken samu a lokacin da nazari na zarra

Wadannan nazarin ya zama kai tsaye shaida cewa tabbatacce cajin na zarra ne a tsakiya. Wannan yankin bautar wani sosai kananan sarari idan aka kwatanta da girman da mutunci. Wannan karamin girma, watsarwa alpha barbashi bayyana sosai kamar wuya. Wadanda barbashi wanda shige kusa da atomic tsakiya, gwada kaifi sabawa daga hanya, saboda m karfi tsakanin alpha barbashi da atomic tsakiya kasance sosai m. Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen a kan watsi da alpha barbashi nuna alama cewa alpha barbashi samun kai tsaye a cikin kwaya. Duk da haka, da alama sosai kananan, amma ba sifili.

Yana ba da kawai cewa an tabbatar, da gwaninta na Rutherford. A takaice karatu da tsarin da zarra da abokan aiki, wanda ya sanya da dama daga sauran muhimmanci binciken. Bayan koyar da cewa alpha barbashi ne m-motsi helium nuclei.

The masanin kimiyya ya iya bayyana tsarin da zarra, a cikin abin da tsakiya bautarka karamin sashi daga cikin jimlar girma. Ya gwaje-gwajen sun tabbatar da cewa kusan dukkan lura da zarra ne mayar da hankali a cikin ta core. Lokacin da wannan ya auku lokuta biyu da karkacewa daga alpha-barbashi da kuma lokuta da su karo da wani tsakiya.

Gwaje-gwaje da Rutherford ta nukiliya model na zarra

A 1911, Rutherford bayan yawa nazarin shawarar a model na atomic tsarin, wanda ya kira a duniyar. A cewar wannan model, shi ne shirya ciki da zarra core wanda ya ƙunshi kusan dukan taro na barbashi. Electrons matsar kusa da tsakiya a daidai wannan hanya kamar yadda ka yi da taurari a kusa da rana. Na sa mai da ake kira electron girgije. Atom ila yau yana da tsaka tsaki cajin, a matsayin kwarewa na Rutherford.

A tsarin zarra a nan gaba na damu Masana kimiyya suna Niels Bohr. Shi ne ya yi ladabi da Rutherford rukunan, domin har Bohr planetary model na zarra fara fuskantar matsaloli bayani. Kamar yadda electron motsa a kusa da tsakiya a wani sarari suKe tare da wasu hanzari, jima ko daga baya da shi dole ne fada da tsakiya zarra. Duk da haka, Niels Bohr ya iya tabbatar da cewa da dokokin gargajiya makanikai ne ba aiki a cikin zarra.