Dzheyms Chedvik: biography, photos, bude

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Photo dauka a cikin labarin) - English likita ta Nobel, wanda ya sami daraja bayan da aka gano daga cikin neutron. An fundamentally canza da kimiyyar lissafi na cewa lokaci da kuma yarda da masana kimiyya don ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwa, amma kuma ya kai ga gano makaman nukiliya fission da kuma ta yin amfani ga sojoji da kuma m dalilai. Chadwick ya daga wani rukuni na Birtaniya masana kimiyya, wanda a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da Amurka taimaka wajen samar da atomic bam.

Dzheyms Chedvik: a takaice biography

Chadwick aka haife shi a Bollingtone, Cheshire, Ingila, 20 ga Oktoba, 1891, ɗan Dzhona Dzhozefa kuma Anne Meri Noulz. Ya yi karatu a gida na farko da Manchester jama'a manyan makarantu. The goma sha shida samu wani malanta, a Jami'ar Manchester. James so ya yi nazarin ilmin lissafi, amma kuskure halarci gabatarwa laccoci a kan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sa suna a cikin wannan sana'a. A farko, dole ne ya misgivings game da yanke shawara, amma bayan shekara ta fari ta nazari, ya sami hanya mafi ban sha'awa. Chadwick ya shiga a cikin aji na Ernest Rutherford, inda ya yi karatu da wutar lantarki da kuma magnetism, kuma daga baya nada lecturer James aikin bincike game da rediyoaktif kashi radium.

farkon nazarin

Dzheyms Chedvik kammala a 1911 da kuma ci gaba da aiki tare da Rutherford kan sha na gamma radiation tare da digiri a 1913, da mai duba gudummawar ga nufinsa na gudanar da bincike da tallafin, wanda ya kira ga aikin sauran wurare. Ya yanke hukuncin karatu a Berlin tare da Hans Geiger, wanda ya ziyarci Manchester a lokacin da James samu babban digiri. A wannan lokacin, Chadwick kafa da wanzuwar wani m bakan da beta radiation cewa hana masu bincike da kuma kai ga gano neutrino.

Zauna a zango

Jim kadan kafin yakin duniya na farko, a lokacin da soja ayyuka sun makawa, Geiger Chadwick ya yi gargadin cewa ya koma Ingila maza maza. James ya rude tips tafiya kamfanin ya zauna har karshen yaki a Jamus POW sansanin. A cikin shekaru biyar na kurkuku Chadwick ya iya gudanar da shawarwari tare da masu gadi da kuma gudanar da harkokin binciken na haske.

The aiki a Cabendish Laboratory

Dzheyms Chedvik, wanda biography ne a kimiyyar lissafi da duk chances da za a kammala a cikin 1918, godiya ga kokarin Rutherford ya koma kimiyya, da kuma tabbatar da cewa da tsakiya cajin ya daidaita da atomic lambar. A 1921 ya aka bayar a gudanar da bincike horon a Cambridge College Gonville da Keyes, kuma a shekara ta zama mataimakin Rutherford a Cabendish Laboratory.

Aiki kowace rana, har yanzu ya samu lokaci domin gudanar da bincike, shugabanci na wanda matsayin dukan da aka nuna ta hanyar Rutherford. Chadwick da aboki ƙarshe Charles D. Ellis sa'an nan ya ci gaba da karatu a Trinity College da Rutherford, binciken transmutation abubuwa a lokacin da bombarded tare da alpha barbashi (helium nuclei). A binciken da tawagar a Vienna, ya ruwaito a kan sakamakon cewa ba su yi daidai da data samu da Cabendish dakin gwaje-gwaje, da daidaito da aka ably kare ta kara gwaje-gwajen Chadwick da kuma abokan aiki.

A shekara ta 1925, James aure Aileen Stewart-Brown. The biyu sun twin 'ya'ya mata da aka haife.

A cikin tsakiyar 1920 ta Dzheyms Chedvik gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a kan watsi da alpha barbashi a cikin manufa harbe daga karafa, ciki har da zinariya, da uranium, sa'an nan mafi yawan helium wanda core yana da guda taro tare da alpha barbashi. Watsi da aka asymmetric, kuma Chadwick ya bayyana shi a 1930 a matsayin jimla sabon abu.

A samu na neutron

Baya a 1920, Rutherford samarwa da wanzuwar wani electrically tsaka tsaki barbashi kira neutrons don bayyana kasancewar hydrogen isotopes. Mun yi imani da cewa wannan barbashi kunshi wani electron da wani proton, amma batun na abun da ke ciki ba a samu ba.

A 1930, an gano cewa, a lokacin da bombarded tare da haske nuclei alpha haskoki jefarwa polonium Tashi iya shiga radiation ba tare da wutar lantarki. Yana da aka kamata su gamma haskoki. Duk da haka, a lokacin da yin amfani da wani beryllium manufa haskoki mutane da yawa sau more iya shiga fiye da yin amfani da sauran kayayyakin. A shekarar 1931, Chadwick da takwaransa Webster da shawarar cewa tsaka tsaki haskoki a zahiri shaida ga wanzuwar neutron.

A 1932, wasu ma'aurata da masu bincike Iren Kyuri da Frederika Zholio nuna cewa beryllium radiation ya fi iya shiga fiye da wadanda ya ruwaito ta hanyar gabata masu bincike, amma suka kuma yi kira da shi gamma haskoki. Dzheyms Chedvik karanta rahoton kuma nan da nan ya fara aiki a kan lissafi na tsaka tsaki barbashi taro, wanda zai iya bayyana latest sakamakon. Ya yi amfani da beryllium radiation bombard daban-daban abubuwa da kuma gano cewa, sakamakon ne m tare da rinjayar da tsaka tsaki barbashi tare da wani taro kusan m zuwa taro na wani proton. A da gwaji tabbatar da wanzuwar neutron. A shekara ta 1925 domin wannan nasara, Chadwick karbi Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi.

Daga neutron nukiliya dauki

Neutron ya sauri zama kayan aiki na lissafin kimiyya amfani da shi don shiga cikin sunadaran da abubuwa da su canji, don haka lallai cajin tsakiya shi ne ba hanãwa. Saboda haka, Chadwick shirya hanya zuwa fission na uranium-235 da kuma makaman nukiliya. A 1932, domin wannan muhimmanci samu ya aka bayar da Hughes mindar, kuma a shekarar 1935 da Nobel Prize. Sa'an nan, ya koya cewa Hans Falkenhagen gano neutron a lokaci guda tare da shi, amma yana jin tsoro ya buga su da sakamakon. Jamus masanin tsare ki da tayin domin raba Nobel Prize, wadda ta ba shi Dzheyms Chedvik.

A samu na neutron taimake haifar transuranic abubuwa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan ya kai ga gano Nobel Prize lashe Enrico Fermi nukiliya halayen jawo by m neutrons, da kuma gano Jamus chemists Otto Hahn da Strassmann na nukiliya fission, wanda da sakamakon na samar da makaman nukiliya.

The aiki a kan atomic bam

A 1935, Dzheyms Chedvik ya zama farfesa a kimiyyar lissafi a jami'ar Liverpool. Bisa ga sakamakon wata yarjejeniyar Frisch-Peierls a 1940 da yiwuwa na kafa wata nukiliya bam , ya sanya wa Maud kwamitin bincika wannan batu a cikin mafi daki-daki. A 1940 ya ziyarci Arewacin Amirka a kan wata manufa Tizard wajen samar da hadin kai a nukiliya bincike. Bayan ya dawo zuwa Burtaniya, ya yanke shawarar cewa za su yi aiki ba har sai da yaki ne kan.

A watan Disamba na wannan shekara Frensis Saymon, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Maud, sami wata damar rarrabe isotope uranium-235. A cikin rahoton da ya bayyana daraja da fasaha bayani dalla-dalla ga halittar wani babban sha'anin na inganta ma'adinin Uranium. Chadwick daga baya ya rubuta cewa kawai sai ya gane cewa wani bam na nukiliya da aka ba kawai zai yiwu amma makawa. Daga wannan lokacin ne ya fara shan kwayoyin maganin barci. James kuma kullum goyon bam kungiyar na U-235, da kuma amince ta saki ta yadawa na isotope U-238.

sakamako rai

Ba da da ewa, ya tafi zuwa Los Alamos, hedkwatar Manhattan Project, kuma tare da Niels Bohr ya m shawara ga Developers na atomic ragargaza kika aika a Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, wanda binciken da halin canza hanya na tarihin 'yan adam, a shekarar 1945, aka knighted.

A karshen yakin duniya na II, ya kõma zuwa ga post a Liverpool. Chadwick murabus a shekarar 1958. Bayan shafe shekaru goma a Arewa Wales, ya koma Cambridge a shekarar 1969, inda ya rasu Yuli 24, 1974.