Danish likita Bor Nils: biography, bude

Niels Bohr - Danish likita da jama'a adadi, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyyar lissafi a halin yanzu form. Shi ne ya kafa, kuma darektan na Copenhagen Institute for Irfanin Physics, mahaliccin duniya kimiyya makaranta, kazalika da waje memba na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan talifin zai tattauna da tarihin rayuwar Niels Bohr da babban nasarori.

yabo

Danish likita Bor Nils kafa ka'idar da zarra, wanda dogara ne a kan planetary model na zarra, da jimla natsuwa, kuma da kaina miƙa su postulates. Bugu da kari, Bohr tuna muhimmanci aiki a kan makaman nukiliya ka'idar, makaman nukiliya da kuma halayen karafa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin halitta na jimla makanikai. Bugu da kari ya ci gaba a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, Bohr rubuta a yawan ayyuka a falsafa da na halitta kimiyya. Scientist rayayye yi yaƙi da nukiliya barazana. A 1922 ya aka bayar da kyautar Nobel.

yara

Future masanin kimiyya Niels Bohr aka haife shi a Copenhagen a kan Oktoba 7, 1885. Mahaifinsa Kirista farfesa Physiology a jami'a, kuma uwarsa Ellen zo daga wani m Yahudawa iyali. Niels da wani kane Harald. Iyaye sun yi kokarin yin yara 'ya'yan farin ciki da kuma sated. A tabbatacce rinjayar da iyali, da kuma musamman uwa, taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban na ruhu halaye.

samuwar

Firamarensa a Bor Gammelholmskoy makaranta. A makaranta, ya kasance m na kwallon kafa, da kuma daga baya - gudun kan da tafiyarta. A shekaru ashirin da uku, Bohr zama digiri na biyu daga jami'ar Copenhagen, inda ya aka ɗauke ta a matsayin rashin hazaka likita da kuma bincike. Domin ya sabawa rubuce-rubucensu aikin a kan definition na surface tashin hankali na ruwa da wani jet na ruwa vibrations, Niels aka bayar samu lambar zinariya daga Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. Ilimi, an haifar da likita Bor Nils aka aiki a jami'a. Akwai ya za'ayi da dama da muhimmanci gudanar da bincike. Daya daga cikinsu da aka kishin gargajiya electron ka'idar da karafa da kuma kafa dalilin da ya doctoral dissertation Bora.

kaikaice tunani

Daya rana da shugaban na Royal Academy, Ernest Rutherford, ya nemi taimako daga wani abokin aiki daga Jami'ar Copenhagen. Karshe ya yi nufin sa dalibi mafi ƙasƙanci rating, yayin da ya ji cewa ya cancanci kimantawa "m". Dukansu jãyayya da yar amince da su dõgara a kan ra'ayi na wani ɓangare na uku, babu wanda sulhu, wanda ya zama Rutherford. Bisa ga jarrabawa tambayoyi, da dalibi ya bayyana yadda za a amfani da barometer za ka iya sanin ko tsawo daga cikin ginin.

A dalibi ya amsa da cewa shi yana bukatar ya ƙulla da barometer zuwa dogon igiya zuwa hawa da shi kan rufin ginin, runtse shi zuwa ga ƙasa, kuma auna tsawon na igiya bygone saukar. A daya hannun, amsar da aka cikakken daidai da cikakken, amma a kan sauran - ya yi kadan su yi tare da kimiyyar lissafi. Sa'an nan Rutherford da shawarar cewa dalibi sake kokarin amsa. Ya ba shi minti shida, kuma ya yi gargadin cewa martani kamata kwatanta fahimtar da jiki dokokin. Bayan minti biyar, sai ya ji daga wani dalibi da ya zaɓa hanya mafi kyau da dama da mafita, Rutherford ya tambaye shi ya amsa a gaba. A wannan lokaci da dalibi ya miƙa barometer zuwa rufin, jẽfa shi a auna fall kuma, yin amfani da wani musamman dabara don gane da tsawo. Wannan amsar bayyana malamin, amma shi ne tare da Rutherford iya ba ƙaryatãwa kaina yardar don sauraron sauran dalibi version.

Wadannan Hanyar aka dogara ne a kan aunawa da tsawo da kuma barometer tsawo daga cikin inuwa inuwa gini, bi da wani bayani rabo. Yana da wani zaɓi, kamar Rutherford, kuma ya farincikin tambayi wani dalibi da haske da sauran hanyoyin. Sai dalibi ya miƙa shi da mafi sauki zaɓi. Just da ake bukata a sanya wani barometer a kan garun ginin da kuma yin bayanin kula, sa'an nan ƙidaya yawan adadin mutane da alãmarsu, suka kuma riɓaɓɓanya su ta da tsawon da barometer. Dalibai yi imani da cewa irin wannan a bayyane yake amsar domin tabbatar da ba za a iya saba shukawa.

Domin ba za a dauke a cikin idanu na masana kimiyya prankster dalibi kuma miƙa mafi nagartaccen zaɓi. Tying da barometer zuwa yadin da aka saka - ya ce da ni - kana bukatar ka girgiza shi daga tushe na ginin da kuma a kan ta rufin, da adadin daskararre nauyi. Daga bambanci tsakanin data samu, yana yiwuwa ya san tsawo, idan ake so. Bugu da kari, da talking Pendulum on kirtani daga rufin, yana yiwuwa domin sanin da tsawo daga cikin precession lokaci.

A karshe, dalibai aka tambaye su sami manajan ginin da kuma a cikin sama domin mai girma barometer don gano ya tsawo. Rutherford tambaya ko dalibi da gaske ba su sani ba na al'ada da amsar wannan matsalar. Ya bai boye cewa ya san, amma yarda cewa ya aka ciyar da sama da malamai tsawwala su hanyar tunanin zabe a makaranta da kuma kwaleji, da kuma kin amincewa da wadanda ba misali mafita. Kamar yadda ka yiwuwa gane, wannan dalibi ya Niels Bohr.

Ya koma Ingila

Bayan ya yi aiki a cikin jami'a na shekaru uku, Bohr koma Ingila. A shekarar farko ya yi aiki a Cambridge Joseph Thomson, sa'an nan ya koma Ernest Rutherford a Manchester. Rutherford ta dakin gwaje-gwaje a lokacin da aka daukarsa cikin ababuwa. Kwanan nan, akwai gwaje-gwajen da cewa ya ba Yunƙurin ga gano da planetary model na zarra. More daidai, tsarin nan ya zauna har yanzu a cikin jariri.

A gwaje-gwajen a kan nassi na alpha barbashi ta tsare yarda Rutherford ya yi cewa a cibiyar zarra ne a kananan cajin tsakiya, wanda asusun ga kusan dukan taro na zarra da electrons aka shirya a kusa da huhu. Tun da zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki, da adadin zargin electrons dole ne daidai da kwaya module cajin. Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa nukiliya cajin ne a mahara na electron cajin ya tsakiyar a cikin wannan binciken, amma ya zuwa yanzu ya kasance m. Amma da suka gano isotopes - abubuwa wanda da wannan sinadaran Properties amma daban-daban atomic taro.

A atomic yawan abubuwa. kawar da dokar

Aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Rutherford, Bohr gane cewa sinadaran Properties dogara ne a kan yawan electrons a zarra, wato, daga zarginsa, kuma ba talakawa, wanda ya bayyana kasancewar isotopes. Wannan ya na da muhimmanci farko Bohr ta nasara a cikin wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje. Tun da alpha barbashi yana sanya wani helium tsakiya tare da lura da +2 da alpha lalace (barbashi aka jefarwa daga core) "ya" kashi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur za a sanya a kan hagu na biyu Kwayoyin fiye da "iyaye", da kuma beta lalace (electrons jefarwa na nuclei) - ga dama da daya cell. Kamar wancan ne aka kafa "dokar rediyoaktif hijira." Bugu da ari, Danish likita sanya da dama daga cikin mafi muhimmanci binciken, wanda abin ya shafa da sosai model na zarra.

Rutherford-Bohr model

Wannan tsari ne kuma ake kira planetary saboda shi electrons akwai doguwar a kusa da zuciyar a cikin kamar yadda taurari a kusa da rana. Wannan tsari yana da wani yawan matsaloli. Gaskiyar cewa zarra shi ya disastrously m, da kuma rasa ƙarfi ga mutum ɗari da milyan na biyu ne. A gaskiya, duk da haka, wannan bai faru ba. Wata matsala da jũna insoluble da kuma bukatar a halin sabon m. Ga kuma tabbatar da Danish likita Bor Nils.

Boron da shawarar cewa, ya saba wa dokokin da electrodynamics da makanikai, falakinsu a atoms ne motsi a wadda electrons ba haskaka. A sarari suKe ne barga idan lokaci na electron located a kan shi ne daidai da rabin Planck m. Radiation ya auku, amma kawai a lokacin miƙa mulki daga wani electron daga daya madawwama biyu zuwa wani. Duk da makamashi da cewa an saki idan aka kwashe da wani jimla da radiation. Irin wannan photon yana da makamashi daidaita da samfurin na rotational mita da Planck ta akai, ko bambanci tsakanin na farko da kuma karshe electron makamashi. Saboda haka, Bohr Rutherford hada aiki lokaci da kuma ra'ayin kamfani mai suna Quanta, wanda aka samarwa da Max Planck a 1900. Irin wannan jam'iyya ya saba wa duk kayan abinci na gargajiya ka'idar, kuma a lokaci guda, ba kãfirta da shi gaba daya. Electron aka dauke a matsayin abu batu, wanda motsa bisa ga gargajiya dokokin makanikai, amma "halatta" su ne waɗanda falakinsu da cewa kawo "quantization yanayi". A cikin irin wannan falakinsu, da electron makamashi ne inversely na gwargwado ga murabba'ai lambobi na falakinsu.

A ƙarshe daga cikin "dokokin mitoci"

Bisa ga "mulki na mitoci", Bor ƙarasa da cewa radiation mita ne na gwargwado ga kishiya murabba'ai bambanci tsakanin integers. A baya can, wannan abin kwaikwaya An kafa spectroscopists, amma ba zai iya samun msar tambayar bayani. Theory Niels Bohr yarda ka bayyana bakan ba kawai hydrogen (kwayoyin halitta daga cikin sauki), amma helium, ciki har da ionized. Scientist sodvizheniya kwatanta sakamako da zuciyar da kuma hasashen yadda cika lantarki bawo, wanda ya bayyana cikin jiki halitta na periodicity na abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Domin wadannan nasarori, a 1922, Bohr aka bayar da kyautar Nobel.

Bohr Institute

Bayan kammala, Rutherford riga gane likita Bor Nils koma kasarsa, inda ya aka gayyace a 1916 da wani farfesa a jami'ar Copenhagen. Bayan shekaru biyu ya zama memba na Danish Royal Society (a 1939 malamin kai shi).

A 1920, Bohr kafa Cibiyar Irfanin Physics, kuma ya kasance jagora. Hukumomi na Copenhagen, a fitarwa na isa yabo na kimiyyar lissafi, ta ba shi ya kafa wani tarihi "House of Brewer." Cibiyar hadu duk tsammanin, wasa da wani shahararren rawa wajen ci gaban na jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Ya kamata a lura cewa da muhimmanci ga wannan yana cikin mutuntakar Bor. Ya kewaye kansa da talented ma'aikatan da kuma dalibai, da iyakoki tsakanin su ne sau da yawa marar ganuwa. Bohr ta institute aka kasa da kasa, shi ya nema ya fada kashe a ko'ina. Daga cikin shahararrun mazauni Bohr makaranta ne: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler kuma waɗansu da yawa ..

By Bor ya akai-akai ziyarci Jamus masanin kimiyya Heisenberg Vernet. A wani lokaci a lokacin da ya halitta "rashin tabbas manufa" Bohr muhawara Erwin Schrödinger, wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan tsabta-kalaman ra'ayi. A cikin tsohon "House of Brewer," kafa harsashin qualitatively sabon kimiyyar lissafi na karni na ashirin, daya daga cikin key Figures daga abin da yake Niels Bohr.

zarra model samarwa da Danish masanin kimiyya da shawarta Rutherford, ya saba. Yana integrates da postulates na gargajiya ka'idar da jarrabawa, a fili da ruɗar da shi. Domin shawo kan wadannan saba wa juna, ya wajaba a halin sake duba manyan ka'idodi na ka'idar. A wannan batun, da muhimmiyar rawar da aka buga ta kai tsaye taimako Bora, ta yiwuwa a cikin kimiyya al'umma, da kuma wani sirri tasiri. Aiki na Niels Bohr nuna cewa ya samu jiki hoto na microworld ba dace m an samu nasarar amfani da "duniya na manyan abubuwa," kuma ya zama daya daga cikin sahun gaba na wannan dabarar. The masanin kimiyyar ya gabatar Concepts kamar "uncontrolled daukan hotuna ji hanyoyin da" da "ƙarin dabi'u".

Copenhagen jimla ka'idar

The sunan Danish masanin kimiyya hade yiwuwa (aka Copenhagen) fassarar jimla ka'idar, da kuma nazarin ta da yawa "paradoxes". An muhimmiyar rawa aka buga da tattaunawa tsakanin Bohr da Albertom Eynshteynom, wanda bai son ya ga Bohr jimla kimiyyar lissafi a probabilistic fassarar. "Mu'amala manufa", tsara ta wurin Danish masanin kimiyya, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fahimtar dokokin da microworld da su hulda da gargajiya (wadanda ba jimla) kimiyyar lissafi.

nukiliya al'amurran da suka shafi

Fara tafiyar da makaman nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi ne har yanzu a Rutherford, Bohr kishin mai yawa da hankali ga nukiliya batutuwa. Ya samarwa a shekarar 1936, ka'idar da fili tsakiya, nan da nan ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa drop model, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin binciken na nukiliya fission. A musamman, Bor nasa Hasashen maras wata-wata fission na uranium.

Lokacin da Nazis shagaltar da Denmark, da masanin kimiyyar da aka asirce kawo Ingila da Amurka, inda, tare da dansa Aage yi aiki a kan Manhetennskim aikin a Los Alamos. A postwar shekaru, Bor ciyar da yawa lokaci a kan al'amura na nukiliya makamai iko da zaman lafiya da yin amfani da atomic. Ya dauki bangare a cikin halittar Turai Center for nukiliya Research, da kuma ko da a bi da ra'ayoyin sa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa Bohr ki tattauna da Soviet lissafin kimiyya ne wasu fannoni na "nukiliya aikin", ya dauke da wani hatsari kenkenewa na atomic makamai.

Wasu yankunan na ilimi

Bugu da kari, Niels Bohr, wanda biography ne zuwa ga ƙarshe, ya kuma sha'awar a al'amurran da suka shafi da iyaka da kimiyyar lissafi, sanin halitta musamman. Har ila yau, yana sha'awar a falsafar kimiyya.

Fice Danish masanin kimiyyar ya mutu daga wani ciwon zuciya Oktoba 18, 1962, a Copenhagen.

ƙarshe

Niels Bohr, da bude daga wanda, ba shakka, canza kimiyyar lissafi, dadin mai girma kimiyya da kuma halin kirki dalĩli. Sadarwa tare da shi, ko da gaugãwa, samar da wani m ra'ayi interlocutors. By magana da rubutu Bohr bayyane yake ya hankali nã zãɓen da maganarsa, domin mafi daidai Alal misali da naku. Rasha likita damban ne Vitaly Ginzburg kira Bora wuce yarda da m, kuma mai hikima.