Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich: a takaice biography

Nikolai Bunge ya ministan kudi a 1881 - 1886 shekaru. Ya samu da aiki bayan gadon sarautar da aka yi nasara da Alexander III. Bunge ciyar da yawa mutane suke so ya gyara, saboda abin da ra'ayin mazan jiya 'yan adawa ya sanya ya yi murabus. Lokaci ya nuna cewa ba shakka zaba da ministan kudi, gaskiya ne.

Ministan hali

Future Ministan kudi Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich haife 23 ga watan Nuwamba, 1823 a cikin iyali likita. Ya sauke karatu daga Dokar Faculty of Jami'ar Kiev, sa'an nan ya fara koyarwa aiki. A ra'ayi, Bunge ya kasance pro-Western sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma na gargajiya "statist".

Ya yarda dasu ya sãɓã, moderation cewa sun zo a cikin m a cikin wani zamanin Alexander II. Lauyoyin yi imani da cewa Rasha jihar ne ba tukuna shirye su yarda da tsarin mulkin kasar. The aiki na zamaninsa Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich gan sauka a hankali kari ya gyara, da sakamakon wanda ya ce shekaru masu yawa daga baya.

Motsi da babban birnin kasar

Game da shekaru talatin da wani farfesa koyar a Jami'ar Kiev. Sau uku, ya zama rector, a lokaci guda je Ma'aikatar jihar Bank. A 1880, Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich har abada bar Kiev da kuma mayar da su St. Petersburg. A babban birnin kasar, ya kasance a cikin bukatar da gwamnati. Hukumomi gaggawa da ake bukata da sabon tunani kawo canji jihar da kuma rage zaman dar-dar. A wannan lokacin, da Mutane tsõro da sauran radicals sun peaked.

Zan iya kira da jihar Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich? Don da yawa shekarun da suka gabata da shi da aka shirya da kansa shirin na tattalin arziki da sake fasalin. Yana da aka dogara ne a kan wani mai arziki ne msar tambayar tushe podcherpnut daga gwaninta na kasashen turai.

Bunge ideas

Bunge shirin bayyana a cikin wannan zamanin na girma ya gyara, amma farkon sarautar Alexander III ta tafi ta hanyar da dama bita. Bayan wani dokar-Russian shan kashi a cikin Crimean War kudi, kamar sauran masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ta liƙe wa fãtan a kan ci gaban zaman kansa himma, wanda ya yi mafi girma taimako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki na kasar. Wadannan tsammanin an fi mayar da muhallinsu. A jihar, don kashe makudan a kan yaki, akwai kawai babu kudi ga zamani na Rasha.

A tarzomar da sake fasalin na Alexander II ya nuna abin da ba daidai ba Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich. Taqaitaccen Tarihin nan gaba ministan kama da tarihin rayuwa da da yawa daga cikin matsakaici m magoya bayan. Ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin 60-ies. Yana dã ba su faru ba tare da manyan tallafin da ga jihar. A kasar ji rashin 'yan kasuwa. Tuni a cikin 70-ies. da dauki fara. Jihar sake shan kan total iko da tattalin arziki. Gushe bayarwa dogo asasshe tilasta kafa hadin gwiwa kafa high kwastan shinge. Tare da duk wadannan siffofin rewrote su shirin Bunge Nikolay Hristianovich. Taqaitaccen Tarihin mutumin da juyin halitta na ya views ne na hali na zamanin.

nada ministan

Maris 1, 1881 'yan ta'adda suka kashe Alexander II, bayan abin da ya zo ga ikon da na ɗansa Alexander III. A sabon sarki fara for ma'aikata juyawa a cikin gwamnati. A sa'an nan a 1881 zuwa post na Ministan kudi na Rasha Empire aka nada Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge. Photo tattalin arziki ya bayyana a duk jaridu na babban birnin kasar. A jama'a da aka jiran aiki daga gare shi.

Cikin shekaru biyar a matsayin shugaban kudi sashen, Nikolai Bunge ciyar 'yan manyan canje-canje. A jihar ya saukar da indemnity biya wa manoma, restructured haraji tsarin da motsi da shi zuwa wani sabon albashi tushe, da kuma soke zaben haraji. A 1882 aka kafa baƙauye Bank. Domin shekaru da dama, mun sami farko ayyukan aiki da dokokin.

tattalin arziki

Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge, wanda aikin ne sau da yawa soki, ya qaddamar ya gyara, ba nan da nan ya kawo canji a cikin Rasha tattalin arzikin. Budget Ministan zauna a cikin gaira, da baitul ba zai taba yiyuwa fita daga bashin da sauransu. D. Kuma, Duk da haka, dattaku Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge sanya da yawa daga mai kyau ga kasarsa. Ta hanyar shirin, na kwastam na Rasha gudanar ya kare gida kera daga kasashen waje gasar, wanda ya jagoranci wani sauka a hankali karuwa a gida da kasuwanci. Canje-canje a cikin haraji a yarda da taskar tara gwaji kudi tushe. Daga baya ta tafi zuwa inganta masana'antu girma.

Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge aka haife a cikin wani zamanin da karfi ruble, a lokacin da na kasa kudin da aka ba da nasaba da fitarwa kasuwa, kamar yadda a karshen XIX karni. A lokacin ziyararsa a post na ministan tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki, ta sha bamban daga haihuwa domin. Gwamnati ta yi yawa don daidaita darajar musayar kudi da kuma matsawa zuwa zinariya musayar misali. Wannan garambawul da aka kammala gaje Bunge Sergei Witte.

agrarian siyasa

Menene Rasha peasantry Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge? Ministan kudi nemi samar da kasuwar tattalin arzikin a kauyen, wanda ya zama mai zaman kansa baƙauye landownership. Bunge yi imani da cewa gwamnatin sa baki ya zama kadan da kuma tsare a kare moriyar ƙananan azuzuwan, a da yawa ci gaba da rayuwa a wata m halin da ake ciki dangane da manyan da kuma m masu. Economist zai "narodolyubtsem" ba kawai saboda ya m views, amma kuma saboda su kullum pragmatism. Ministan shirin ya sauki - don taimaka da peasantry to shi, tsiwirwirinsu ƙarfi, ya taimaka dauke da kasa.

Abin da daidai ne matakan da ake dauka a agrarian tambaya Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge? Hotuna kauyuka ba tare da kayayyakin zamani da kayayyakin more rayuwa ministan da aka tilasta yin tsanani da sake fasalin. Ya tsĩrar da yankunan karkara yawan daga ba dole ba haraji, ciki har da haraji a kan gishiri. Peasantry sha daga kasawa da ƙasa, kuma overcrowding tsakiya larduna. Don warware wannan matsala sake ma su matsugunni shirin da aka miƙa wa mazauna kauyukan a kan karkata wõfintattu kasashen, wani yanayi wanda shi ne manufa domin namo na ƙasar da kuma girma amfanin gona.

aiki da dokokin

Complex dangantakar da ke tsakanin jihar ba ne kawai manoma, amma kuma tare da ma'aikata. Bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a birnin zuba mai iko rafi na proletarians, wanda ya nemi kyakkyawar rayuwa a cikin masana'antu da sauran Enterprises. Sabanin cewa a Rasha yanzu bai kasance tsanaki factory dokokin.

A 1884, a kan shirin na Bunge ta aikin da aka dakatar da minors a cikin manyan kamfanoni. A jihar ya kafa wani m dokin - 12 years. Matasa a karkashin 15 ba zai iya aiki fiye da 8 hours a rana. A 1885, wani ban a kan dare aiki ga mata ya. Hukumomin ya dauko janar dokoki da kayyade dangantakar aiki da proletarians. Wadannan nagartacce sun ƙwarai takura arbitrariness da danniya na masana'antun. A daidai wannan lokaci da muke tsananta da danniya da ma'aikatan da suka halarci a buga da kuma buga. Kisa na da hakkin ya duba musamman a jihar dubawa.

A nationalization na Railways

Ministan kudi Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge, da ranar haihuwa wanda ya zo daidai da zargin da Railways a Rasha, Masani game da muhimmancin a cikin rayuwar kasar. A lokacin da ya jagoranci na daular tattalin arzikin ya fara cikakken nationalization na tattalin arziki. A ƙarshen XIX karni kamar yadda Railways "ogosudarstvlivalis" a Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Faransa, da Holland da kuma sauransu. D. Ta hanyar wannan gyara, Bunge iya mayar da hankali a kan irin wannan yammacin kwarewa.

Da yaki da monopolies

A nationalization ya zama dole don yaƙar kenkenewa, predatory amfani da wannan hanyar sadarwa. Society baki daya nema daga hukumomi domin kawo karshen rushewa daga Railways. Don wannan karshen, wani Inter-ministoci hukumar da aka kafa. Ma'aikatar kudi ta kasar sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shi. Bunge kansa jãyayya da ma gaggãwa canja wuri na baƙin ƙarfe zuwa jihar hanya. Ministan kullum rubuta Yarjejeniyar, wanda ya bayyana ra'ayinsa a kan matsalar. Wadannan ayyukan tafi saman da aka dauke da wani autocrat.

Bayan rushewar da yarjewa tsarin, Jihar koma zuwa ga yi na gina hanyar jirgin kasa kadai a gwamnatin kudi. Game riga ya gabatar a aiki Bunge hanyoyi fili magana sau da yawa game da wannan sautin. Su muhawara, kuma ya maimaita jim kadan kafin a ja da baya. Ministan ya yi imanin cewa Rasha ba zai iya kawar da tilasta taki Railways, kamar yadda aka aikata, misali, a kasar Jamus, saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai bai isa ba digiri ga jama'a sabis.

Sakamako na ayyukan

Kimantawa da sakamakon da baitul, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa Rasha dattaku Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge fuskanci da yawa cikas a cikin hanyar. Ya gaji nauyi wasiyya daga yaki tare da Ottoman Empire, da masana'antu rikicin, amfanin gona kasawa, stagnation a aikin noma, da karuwa a cikin jiragen ruwa da kuma sojojin bayar wa.

Conservative 'yan adawa ko da yaushe tare da distaste mallakar kasar, kuma yana fatan yin jayayya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na al'umma. Da jayayya ci gaba cikin Bunge zauna a kujera shugaban kudi sashen.

Murabus da kuma nan gaba aiki

Ministan abokan adawar sanya ya yi ritaya a 1886. Amma da sarki ya san wanda da Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge, da kuma nuna godiya ta quality. Saboda haka, wani masanin tattalin arziki ba kawai fadi daga ni'ima, amma har yanzu ya kasance a jihar Council. Zama shugaban kwamitin ministocin, ya ci gaba da tasiri da siyasa Hakika na hukuma, ko da yake a wata daban-daban damar.

Wanda ya nemi Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge? Facts na Life jami'an ce cewa ya yi kokarin dakatar da wucin gadi goyon bayan yankunan karkara, ba tare da nuna bambanci ga mutumin da gonaki. The Economist ya mai taimako ga sake ma su matsugunni na kauye zuwa gabas. Wani sabon kalaman na taro baƙauye mulkin mallaka na Siberia ya faru bayan da ya mutu Nikolay Hristianovich Bunge. Sada zane na mutum - shi ne labarin wani aiki Stolypin ta gada, ya fara aiwatar da agrarian garambawul. Nikolai Bunge ya mutu a kan Yuni 15, 1895 a Tsarskoye Selo.