Binciken kimiyya da kuma kirkire-kirkire a tsakiyar zamanai. Kimiyya a tsakiyar zamanai

Century, aka kira da nufin, a cikin tarihin na kowace kasa daukar daban-daban lokaci. A general, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a cikin wannan hanya da aka kira wani rata V ga XV karni, kirgawa shi daga 476, a lokacin da fall na Yammacin Roman Empire.

A al'adun tsufa halaka a karkashin mãsu alãma daga cikin dabbanci. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa tsakiyar zamanai, don haka sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin duhu ko ciki. Tare da damping na Roman Empire bace da kuma hasken dalilin da kyakkyawa da art. Duk da haka, binciken kimiyya da kuma kirkire-kirkire a tsakiyar zamanai - mai kyau hujja da cewa ko da a cikin mafi wuya sau bil'adama kulawa don riƙe m ilmi kuma, haka ma, wajen samar da su. A wani bangare wannan saboda Kristanci, amma babban rabo daga cikin tsoho aukuwa kiyaye godiya ga Arab masana kimiyya.

Lower Empire

Kimiyya a tsakiyar zamanai, da farko ci gaba a gidajen lama. Bayan fall na Roma, mangaza na zamanin d hikima ya zama Rum, inda ta lokaci Ikilisiyar Kirista ya taka muhimmiyar, ciki har da siyasa da rawa. A cikin dakunan karatu na Konstantinoful gidajen lama kiyaye ayyukan fice Thinkers na Girka da Roma. Aikace-aikace na IX karni, Bishop Leo lissafi kishin lokaci mai tsawo. Ya na daga cikin na farko da masana kimiyya suka yi a yi amfani da haruffa kamar yadda ilmin lissafi alamomin, cewa a zahiri ya bada dama don kiran shi da daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa aljabara.

A kan ƙasa na malaman Attaura gidajen samar da kofe na zamanin d ayyukansu, comments. LISSAFI, wanda ci gaba a karkashin su arches, kafa tushen gine da kuma ya sanya yiwu gina irin wannan samfurin na Byzantine art, a matsayin coci na Hagia Sophia.

Akwai dalilin yi imani da cewa Rumawa halitta taswira, tafiya zuwa China da kuma India, shi ne da sanin labarin kasa da kuma ilmin dabbobi. Yau, duk da haka, mafi yawan bayanai game da jihar, wanda ya kasance a kimiyya a tsakiyar zamanai a cikin ƙasa na Eastern Roman Empire, shi ne ba a sani ba a gare mu. Ta aka binne shi a kango na birane, kullum fallasa su maƙiyi kai hare-hare a lokacin da Byzantine Empire.

Kimiyya a kasashen Larabawa

Mutane da yawa tsoho ilimi da aka ɓullo da waje Turai. Arab Khalifanci, wanda ɓullo da a ƙarƙashin rinjayar zamanin d al'ada, a zahiri tsira da ilmi ba kawai daga dabbanci, amma kuma daga coci, wanda, ko da yake m ga adana daga cikin hikima a cikin gidajen, amma maraba, ba duk kimiyya ayyukan ƙwarai, sunã nẽman don kare kansu da shigar azzakari cikin farji daga karkatacciyar koyarwa. Bayan wani lokaci na zamanin d ilmi, suna goyon bayan da kuma bita, koma zuwa Turai.

A kan ƙasa na Larabawa Khalifanci a tsakiyar zamanai ɓullo da wani babbar dama sciences: labarin kasa, falsafa, ilmin taurari, lissafi, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, kimiyya.

Lambobi da kuma ƙungiyoyi da na taurari

Ilmin taurari ne sun fi mayar dangane da "Almagest" Talomi ta shahara rubutun. Ina mamaki da abin da sunan masanin kimiyya ta aiki samu a bãyan an fassara zuwa harshen Larabci, sa'an nan kuma sake mayar da su zuwa Turai. Arab ilmin Taurari ba kawai kiyaye da Greek da ilmi ba, amma kuma ya kara su. Saboda haka, da suka zaci cewa Duniya ne a Sphere, kuma sun iya auna baka na Meridian, yin lissafi da size na duniya. Arab malamai ba da sunan mai yawa taurari, haka fadada bayanin a "Almagest". Bugu da kari, da dama manyan biranen da suka gina da Observatory.

Na da Larabawa binciken da qirqire-qirqire a fagen ilmin lissafi sun ma quite m. Wannan a kasashen musulmi fãra aljabara da trigonometry. Ko da kalmar "adadi" ne na Larabci asalin ( "Cipher" na nufin "sifili").

cinikayya

Mutane da yawa binciken kimiyya da kuma kirkire-kirkire a tsakiyar zamanai, da Larabawa da aka aro daga mutanen da wanda suka kullum ciniki. Ta hanyar kasashen musulmi zuwa Turai daga India da China sun kamfas, gunpowder, takarda. Larabawa, haka ma, shi ne mai bayanin jihohin ta hanyar abin da suka yi tafiya, ya kuma sadu da mutane, ciki har da Slavs.

Kasashen Larabawa sun zama tushen al'adu canji. An yi imani da cewa nan da aka kirkiro da cokali mai yatsu. A cikin ƙasa na kasashen musulunci ta farko ya zo Rum, da kuma daga baya, a Yammacin Turai.

Tauhidi da kuma wadanda mutane kimiyya

Binciken kimiyya da kuma kirkire-kirkire a tsakiyar zamanai a kan ƙasa na Kirista Turai bayyana, yafi a gidajen lama. Don Sabunta karni, ilimi na gaskiya, wanda ya kula zuwa, da abin ya shafa da tsarki texts da kuma gaskiyar. Wadanda mutane kimiyya fara da za a sanar a makarantu a babban coci kawai a zamanin mulkin Karla Velikogo. Grammar, kuma rhetoric, ilmin taurari, dabaru, ilmin lissafi da kuma lissafi, kazalika music (abin da ake kira bakwai m arts) sun farko samuwa ne kawai ya sani, amma sannu a hankali ya fara yada ilmi a duka matakai na al'umma. By farkon XI karni Convent makaranta ya fara da za a canza kama zuwa jami'o'i. Wadanda mutane makarantu sun hankali a Faransa, Ingila, Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

Musamman taimako ga ci gaban kimiyya da lissafi Fibonacci, halittu Witelo m Rodzher Bekon. A karshen, musamman zaci cewa gudu haske ne guntun da kuma bin jarrabawa, shi ne kusa da kalaman yaduwa ka'idar.

A inexorable motsi na ci gaba

Fasaha binciken da qirqire-qirqire a cikin XI-XV ƙarni ya ba da duniya da yawa, ba tare da wanda zai zama ba zai yiwu ba a cimma matakin na ci gaba, wanda shi ne halayyar bil'adama a yau. Yana zama mafi nagartaccen sunadaran da ruwa da kuma windmills. A wurin da kararrawa, awo lokaci, ya zo da inji nan kowane lokaci. A XII karni explorers fara amfani da kamfas ga fuskantarwa. Gunpowder ƙirƙira a kasar Sin a cikin VI karni da kuma kawo ta wurin Larabawa, ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a Turai soja kamfen kawai a cikin XIV karni, a lokacin da aka kirkiro da bindiga.

A XII karni, Turawa ma ya gana da takarda. Bude aikace-aikace, shi ne Ya sanya daga daban-daban dace kayan. A a layi daya, masu tasowa, woodcut (itace engraving), wanda ya hankali aka ƙwace ta bugu latsa. Ya bayyanar a Turai Dates baya ga XV karni.

Ƙirƙirãwa da kuma binciken kimiyya na 17th karni, kazalika da dukan m sun fi mayar dangane da nasarorin da na da malamai. Alchemical nema, kokarin samun gefen duniya, da so don adana da al'adunmu na tsufa sanya yiwu ci gaban bil'adama a Renaissance da kuma zamanin. Binciken kimiyya da kuma kirkire-kirkire a tsakiyar zamanai da gudummawar da samuwar mu saba duniya. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa, watakila, zai zama m kiran wannan lokaci na tarihi basu hakura damuwa, tunawa kawai Inquisition da kuma ka'idodin addini na lokacin.