Bambanta rarrabuwar - shi ne a cikin ilmin halitta da cewa shi ne? misalai bambanta rarrabuwar

Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - abin da yake da shi? A wasu lokuta, da yawan da suke zaune a ecologically daban-daban na gefe muhallin iya zama genetically daban-daban daga cikin sauran na yawan jama'ar, musamman inda akwai manyan iri-iri iri. Halitta bambanta rarrabuwar - shi ne a cikin ilmin halitta da tsari a cikin abin da biyu ko fiye alƙarya na kakanni nau'in da kansa tara kayyade canje-canje (maye gurbi) domin samar da m tsira zuriyarsa. Halitta da bambance-bambance tsakanin bamban alƙarya iya hada maye gurbi cewa ba zai shafi phenotype, kazalika da sakamakon a gagarumin morphological kuma physiological canje-canje.

kwayoyin bambanta rarrabuwar

A matakin kwayoyin halittar jini bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - ne a kayyade canje-canje da suka faru a matsayin sakamakon kebantaccen. Duk da haka, masu bincike sun ce cewa shi ne da wuya cewa wannan sabon abu ne saboda wani gagarumin daya-kashe da kuma rinjaye maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin wuri. Idan ya yiwu, wadannan maye gurbi ba za a iya canjawa wuri zuwa nan gaba. Saboda haka, da mafi kusantar ne m embodiment haihuwa kadaici, wanda shi ne sakamakon mahara kananan maye gurbi a lokacin juyin halitta.

bamban ta ci gaba

Kamar yadda ka'idar juyin halitta, da bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - shi ne mai zumunta sabon abu a cikin abin da wadannan al'ummu da farko tara da bambanci a kan aiwatar da juyin ci gaba, kuma sannu a hankali ya zama ƙara bambanta. Wannan tsari ne da ma da aka sani da ", sãɓã wa jũnamai" da aka bayyana a cikin "The Origin of Species" (1859). Kafin Darwin da yawa Lines daga tsakiyar sallama daga cikin irin jinsin da aka bayyana da Alfred Russel Wallace a 1858 shekara. Bisa ga gargajiya ka'idar juyin halitta, da bambanta rarrabuwar hidima biyu main dalilai:

• Yana da damar jiki ga wannan irin tsira a modified tsari da yin amfani da sabon nazarin halittu maharibai.
• Wannan karuwa bambancin qara Na'urar damar matasa tsara zuwa wani iri-iri habitats.

Wadannan zaton su ne zalla misali, tun da gwaje-gwajen da tabbatar da wuya sosai, kuma kusan ba zai yiwu.

kwayoyin bambanta rarrabuwar

Mẽne ne cikin sharuddan ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu? Wannan rabo daga nucleotides cewa bambanta tsakanin su biyu DNA segments. Yana kuma iya bambanta da yawan amino acid tsakanin biyu polypeptides. Kalmar "bambanta rarrabuwar" da ake amfani a wannan mahallin matsayin akwai wani zato cewa biyu kwayoyin ne zuriyar daya daga cikin iyaye kwayoyin. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta ana lura ba kawai bambanci, amma har da mahaɗar tsakãninsu events, kamar hybridization kuma a kwance canja wuri. Kuma irin abubuwan faruwa yafi akai-akai. Kwayoyin sunadaran da juyin bambanta rarrabuwar kayyade kayan hada nucleotide substitutions, deletions, insertions, chromosomal recombination, transposition da inversion, kwafi, hira da kuma a kwance gene canja wuri. Yawan nucleotide substitutions ne mai sauki da kuma amfani awo na digiri na sãɓãwar tsakãninsu biyu jerin. A gaskiya ma, akwai hanyoyin da dama samuwa ga kimanta yawan nucleotide substitutions da kuma gina wani phylogenetic itacen da nuna hanya da bambance-bambance a kan aiwatar da juyin halitta.

analogue na haduwa

Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - shi ne wani analogue juyin haduwa, a lokacin da kwayoyin da jũna kakanninsa zama kamar saboda zabin yanayi. Alal misali, kudaje da tsuntsaye sun samo asali ya zama irin wannan a ji cewa suna da fikafikai kuma iya tashi, da yake su flightless kakanninmu masu quite daban-daban. A gaskiya, wadannan biyu ciki daban-daban nazarin halittu iri daban-daban. Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - shi ne wani juyin taron da akwai guda biyu morphological ko kwayoyin hali daga magabata. Wadannan siffofin sun asali m, amma sun zama iri-irin a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta. A hali na bambanta rarrabuwar dole ne a wasu mataki na kama tsakanin biyu siffofin tura zato cewa akwai magabata. Domin haduwa, a maimakon haka, ya kamata a wasu dissimilarity, tun wasu siffofin da aka aro daga wata gaba daya m kakanninsu. Saboda haka, da bambance-bambance tsakanin bambanta rarrabuwar da kuma haduwa suna da wuya ka shigar.

Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta hotuna

Bamban Juyin Halitta (Lat divergentia -. Bambanta rarrabuwar) yawanci ne a sakamakon yadawa da irin a cikin daban-daban yanayin da ya zama ruwan dare. Misalan sun ha] da wadannan: yawancin mutane a duniya da babba wata gabar jiki a cikin mutane da kuma mannyan birai - hannu a vertabrate - paws tsuntsaye - da fuka-fuki, kifi - da ƙege da sauransu. Duk wadannan gabbai ana amfani da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a hanyoyi da yawa, amma su asalin ne m. A bambanta rarrabuwar iya faruwa a kowane rukuni na related kwayoyin. A mafi girma da yawan da bambance-bambance, da girma hilafa. Kuma irin wannan misalai a cikin yanayi, akwai babban iri-iri, kamar fox. Idan ta mazauninsu ne a hamada, da ulu na dabba daga wani launi taimaka wajen sake kama kansu daga yara. Red fox zaune a cikin gandun daji, inda "ja gashi" ne a hade tare da na gida shimfidar wuri. A cikin hamada, zafi ya sa ya wuya ga zafi, don haka kunnuwan dila ya samo asali zuwa manyan size, don haka cewa jiki samun kawar da wuce haddi da zafi. Na hukunci mai muhimmanci a wannan yanayin ne da farko da daban-daban muhalli da yanayi da kuma daidaita da bukatun, maimakon kayyade bambance-bambance. Idan suka rayu a wannan yanayi, shi ne wata ila cewa za su ci gaba da yi a irin wannan hanya. Bamban ta ci gaba - shi ne mai tabbatar da kwayoyin kusanci.

A bambanta rarrabuwar a cikin yanayi: misalai

Juyin Halitta - aiwatar da wanda kwayoyin canza a kan lokaci. Babban alama ne da cewa duk da wannan ne sosai jinkirin da daukan dubban ko ma miliyoyin shekaru. Bambanta rarrabuwar a ilmin halitta - abin da yake da shi? Ka yi la'akari da, misali, wani canji a jikin mutum: wasu high, wasu low, wasu suna jan gashi, da sauran - black, akwai haske-skinned, duhu-skinned akwai. Kamar mutane, da sauran halittu ma da yawa bambancin cikin guda yawan jama'a.

Bambanta rarrabuwar - shi ne Biology (misalai nuna wannan) da ake bukata domin jari na rayuwa gene canji. Za ka iya ba da misali daga hakikanin rai. A cikin Galapagos Islands akwai mutane da yawa irin na kananan tsuntsaye. Lokacin da Charles Darwin ziyarci wadannan wurare, ya ce cewa wadannan dabbobi ne, haƙĩƙa irin wannan, amma wasu daga cikin key bambance-bambance tsakanin su ba wanzu. Shi ne da size da kuma siffar su beaks. Su magabata ya halartar Na'urar radiation, haka bayar da tasu gudunmuwar, ci gaban sabon nau'in. Alal misali, a kan wani tsibirin, inda da tsaba, jingim, beaks tsuntsãye ba zai iya zama mafi dace wa cin irin wannan abinci. A wani tsibirin tsarin da baki don taimaka dabbobi ci kwari. A karshen, akwai mutane da yawa da sabon nau'in, kuma kowane na da musamman fasali.

Bamban ta juyin halitta ya auku a lokacin da muna magana ne game da wani sabon nau'in. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne zama dole domin ya daidaita da daban-daban muhalli da yanayi. Kyakkyawan misali ne da mutum kafar, wanda shi ne sosai daban-daban daga wani biri kafafu, duk da magabata - wani Primate. Wani sabon irin (a cikin wannan harka, mutane) samo asali saboda akwai daina bukatar hawa itatuwa. Tafiya da Kafa Ya sanya dole canje-canje a cikin tari don inganta gudun, daidaituwa da kuma kwari motsi na duniya ta surface. Ko da yake mutane da birai ne genetically kama, sun ci gaba da dama jiki halaye wajibi ne ga rayuwa.