Littafi by Charles Darwin ta "The Origin of Species, ta hanyar Natural Selection, ko da Tanadin na zababbun jinsi a gwagwarmayar rayuwa"

Littafi by Charles Darwin ta "Origin of Species" shi ne ya main aiki, to gaya duniya game da ka'idar juyin halitta na rayuwa a duniya. Its tasiri a kan kimiyya ya tabbatar da babban. Ya bazawa na Burtaniya masanin kimiyya aza harsashin ga wani sabon zamanin a cikin ilmin halitta.

A labarin na littafin

Kimiyya aiki "The Origin of Species" da aka wallafa Darwin a 1859. Bayyanar da littafin da aka riga da shekaru masu yawa na aikin da bincike. Dalili na samfurin kafa rikodin cewa Darwin ya jagoranci tun 1837. A matsayin halittu, ya ziyarci lokacin da yake duniya yawon shakatawa a kan jirgin cikin "Beagle". Abun Lura a kan fauna daga Kudancin Amirka da kuma wurare masu zafi tsibirin a lokacin wannan tafiya ya jagoranci Birtaniya to tunani game da ko yana da gaskiya da Church ka'idar allahntaka asalin rayuwa.

A gada na Darwin ya Charlz Layel. Da ra'ayoyin ma wahayi zuwa gare ta da wani matafiyi. A karshe, bayan biyu shekarun da suka gabata na aiki tukuru zo da haske da littafin "The Origin of Species." Babban marubucin wa'adin da aka kamar haka: dukkan nau'o'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi sun canza a kan lokaci. Babban impetus ga wannan metamorphosis ne gwagwarmayar rayuwa. Daga tsara zuwa tsara irin amfani fasali da kuma samun kawar da ba dole ba don daidaita zuwa rayuwa a wata maras tabbas yanayi.

Selection da juyin halitta

Darwin ta buga wata bombshell. "Origin of Species" an sayi up tare da babban gudun, da kuma mafi jita-jita game da wannan littafin, da girma da bukatar. A cikin shekaru biyu ko uku, akwai fassarorin da cikin babban Turai harsuna.

Mene ne don haka mamaki m al'umma? A cikin gabatarwar littafinsa, Darwin taƙaice kayyade masa babban ideas. Bugu da ari, marubucin hankali kowane hankali jãyayya da ya sabawa rubuce-rubucensu. Da farko ya lura da kwarewa na doki kiwo da kuma kiwo tattabarai. A gwaninta na shayarwa wani tushen wahayi ga masanin kimiyya. Ya kafa gaban mai karatu a tambaya: "Me dabbobin gida breeds suna canza da kuma bambanta daga su daji zumunta?" A wannan misali, Darwin taƙaice bayyana The Origin of Species, a wani ya fi girma, duniya sikelin. Kamar yadda m yawan, su aka hankali ya canza saboda muhalli canje-canje. Amma idan dabbõbin gabatar wucin gadi selection, Kanmu da wani mutum, da yanayin da mataki na zabin yanayi.

HALITTAR da jinsunan

A wannan zamanin Darwin shi ba tukuna hadade da kowa nau'in tsarin. Masana kimiyya sun samarwa daban-daban theories da shiriritar ra'ayoyi abubuwa masu rai. A irin wannan yunkurin da aka yi a cikin littafin "The Origin of Species." Charles Darwin samarwa a rarrabuwa da jinsi. Kowane irin naúrar hada da dama jinsunan. Wannan manufa ne na kowa da kowa. Alal misali, akwai mutane da yawa irin na dawakai ne. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da manyan, wasu - sauri, wasu suna samuwa ne kawai a wani yankin. Saboda haka, jinsunan - shi ne kawai daya na kowa jinsunan HALITTAR.

Palette mutum bambance-bambance tashi saboda da yanayi. Cin abinci a waje a cikin tsari da shi - shi ne akai gwagwarmayar rayuwa. A cikin shakka daga ta views an canza da kuma ya kasu kashi subtypes cewa a kan lokaci kuma da daban-daban daga juna. Mai bai isa a kula na musamman alama (misali, da siffar da baki daga tsuntsaye) na iya zama wani gagarumin amfani a rayuwa. Mutane da suka yi nasara, sabanin jũna makwabta don tsira, zai ba da halaye da gādonsa, don ya yi gãdo. A 'yan ƙarnõni na musamman da alama za suna da siffa da kafa na mutane.

The shawara tare da abokan adawar

A 6 ga watan da kuma 7 ga watan surori na littafinsa Darwin amsa ga zargi da abokan adawar na ka'idarsa. A farko littafin na shi wajen lamirinsu lura da da'awar da creationists, shugabannin Ikklesiya da sauran masana kimiyya. A m bugu a zamanin rayuwarsa marubucin amsa zuwa ga takamaiman shike abokan adawar, ya kira su da sunan.

An sani cewa Darwin ya ba wani kaifin magana a cikin jama'a. A tsaye, ka'idarsa ne mafi kyau kare ta Tomas Geksli. Amma a cikin shirun na ofishin duk Darwin tsara abubuwan da kuma daidai. Ya Raziel abokan adawarsa da ɗaya ɗaya, fiye da kawai kara kusantar da hankali ga littafin.

akan burbushin halitta rubutu

Birtaniya masanin kimiyya ulterior muradi don haka dogon, ya rubuta "The Origin of Species." Charles Darwin ba kawai ya bayyana ka'idar cikin sharuddan ilmin halitta, amma kuma bayar da hujjar domin yin amfani da Gwargwadon rarraba da kuma binciken burbushin halittu. The masanin kimiyya kusantar da hankali ga m Finds na burbushin, wanda aka rubuta burbushi na dadaddun rayuwa siffofin. Saboda binciken burbushin halittu su sami damar yin karatu a daki-daki, da samarwar da kuma matsakaici iri.

Yana da aka Darwin ta aikin da ya sanya wannan kimiyya ne Popular, me ya sa a cikin biyu da rabi na XIX karni shi samu wani real blossoming. Daya daga cikin na farko masanin kimiyya don bayyana ginshikai na kiyayewa da ragowar. Ya lura da cewa, a karkashin al'ada muhalli da yanayi kwayoyin kyallen takarda mutu suka bar babu alama. Duk da haka, a lokacin da masu niyyar baftisma cikin ruwa, permafrost ko amber, sun yi zurfi na dogon lokaci.

rarraba

Da yake magana game da hijira, kuma sake ma su matsugunni jinsuna, Darwin ya iya fita daga cikin hargitsi na bayanin kula kuma facts gina wani kwayoyin tsarin, cike da dokoki da kuma dokokin. zabin yanayi sakamakon iya rufe dukan sauyin yanayi zones. Masanin hallitu ne, duk da haka, lura da cewa akwai na halitta shinge ga yaduwar dabbobi da shuka iri. A nazarin sasannin nau'i irin rinjãya kasashen waje - babbar sararin ruwa tsakanin New kuma Old World.

Abin sha'awa, a cikin muhawara, Darwin sallami ka'idar bace nahiyoyi (misali FC). M game gardamar game da yadda za a yada ɓangaren duniya zuwa babban yankin shuka. Scientist hypothesized cewa za a iya bayyana ta da wadannan misali. Tsaba za a iya yi lõma da tsuntsaye, wadda ne a kan hanyar zuwa wancan gefe na duniya bar su a can a cikin tumbi. Irin wannan ƙarshe ya ba kadai. Seedlings sun kasance tare da datti zuwa tsaya ga paws tsuntsaye da samun tare da su a kan sabuwar nahiyar. Yaduwar shuka ya zama wani al'amari lokaci.

Features tãyuna

A 14th babi na Darwin kusantar da hankali ga kama daga sashin jiki rudiments da tayi ci gaba a shuke-shuke da dabbobi. dukan nau'i Daga wannan kallo ya kammala da cewa akwai wani na kowa asalin. A daya hannun, da kama wasu siffofin bayyana masanin kimiyya guda mazauninsu. Alal misali, kifi, da Whales zahiri da kadan da na kowa, ko zahiri da suka duba a game da wannan.

Darwin ma ya jaddada cewa, larvae na daya nau'in a yanayi daban-daban a lokacin da hit zai nuna hali quite daban. All gabbai tãyuna a hade da daya kawai factor - da so su tsira a cikin wani canza yanayi. Da yake jawabi game da larvae, wani masanin kimiyya kira su da wani musamman labarinsa na nau'in abin da suke ciki.

A karshen littafin

A ƙarshe aikinsa, Darwin takaita kansa binciken. Littafinsa ya hankula samfurin na Victoria Ingila tare da duk ya saba diflomasiyya ga cewa lokaci da kuma taso formulations. Alal misali, ko da yake da marubucin da kuma zama da kafa wani kimiyya bayani na samuwar rayuwa, ya sanya da dama conciliatory gestures zuwa ga addini.

A sakamakon zabin yanayi da kuma juyin halitta ka'ida nan da nan ya zama wata babbar matsala ga coci. A epilogue, Darwin tunãtar da zarar Leibniz soki Newton dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, amma lokaci ya nuna cewa wadannan hare-haren sun yi kuskure. Author na acclaimed ayyukan fatan kansa littafin ya kuma sami fitarwa, duk da karfi matsa lamba creationists da sauran shakka. Yau za mu iya ce tare da amincewa, cewa abin da ya faru.