Asia-Pacific: kasuwar raya kasa, hadin gwiwa

Pacific shi ne mafi girma a kasuwar duniya, da kuma ta m ne da nisa daga gajiya. Haka kuma, bisa ga hasashen daga cikin manyan masana a nan gaba da rabo daga wannan yankin a duniya kasuwar za su kawai fadada. Bari mu sani a more daki-daki abin da yake cikin Asia-Pacific yankin. Dabam zauna a kan al'amurra da kuma hasashen da ta ci gaba.

A ƙasa na yankin

Da farko, gano abin da yake cikin Asia-Pacific yankin a yankin sharuddan. A bisa ga al'ada, kasashen da suke kunshe a wannan yankin suna dauke su a jihar, dake kan gaba na tekun Pacific, kazalika da Mongolia da kuma Laos.

A duka Asia-Pacific yankin za a iya raba 4 gundumomi, wanda dace sassa na duniya, inda Amurka na zuwa gare shi: Arewacin Amirka, ta Kudu American, Asian da Oceanic. Bugu da kari, yankin Asia ne zuwa kashi biyu sub-yanki: shi Arewa Asiya da kudancin Asiya.

A North American yankin hada da wadannan kasashe: Canada, Amurka, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Pica, Panama.

By da Kudu American yankin na jihar ne: Colombia da Ecuador da Peru da kuma Chile.

A Arewa Asian subregion hada da kasashen Sin (China), Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Jamhuriyar Korea, da Jamhuriyar kasar Sin (Taiwan), Rasha. A Asia-Pacific yankin, shi ne wannan kungiya zauna da most yankin, da kuma da a total daga cikin mafi yawan jama'a.

A subdistrict na Kudu-East Asia hada da wadannan kasashe: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Laos, Brunei, Thailand. Kwararru da yawa a nan sun hada da Myanmar da kuma Nepal. Bugu da kari, a wasu lokuta, Indiya ma hidima a matsayin memba kasar a cikin Asia-Pacific yankin, amma idan akai la'akari da cewa idan akwai hada da India a yankin da masana ne har yanzu quite rare, da kuma kasar da babu damar da tekun Pacific, ba za mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin a matsayin batu na Apr.

A Oceanic yankin hada da wani yawan Oceania jihohi, mafi yawan abin da su quite kananan. Daga cikin manyan kasashe, duka a yankin da kuma tattalin arziki sharuddan, wannan yanki ya kamata a kasaftawa zuwa Australia, New Zealand da kuma Papua - New Guinea. Karami jihohi: Fiji, Solomon Islands, Palau, Nauru, Federation of Micronesia, Vanuatu, da Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa. Har ila yau, a hada su da yawa suka dogara yankuna, kamar Guinea, Tokelau, Faransa Polynesia, da sauransu.

Tarihi na yankin

Don ƙarin daidai gane abin da yake cikin Pacific yankin, wajibi ne a shiga cikin ta tarihi.

A mafi tsufa a jihar samuwar a yankin za a iya daukan kasar Sin. Ya wajaba a dauki daya daga cikin cradles da wayewa a duniya. Jiha ta farko da tsarin akwai wani ƙãri a cikin III Millennium BC. e. Wannan ya sa na tsoho jihar na kasar Sin (Asia Pacific), kamar Misira da kuma Bagadaza - mafi tsoho wayewar na Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Daga baya, akwai jihohi a kudu maso gabashin Asiya (most of su - da daular Khmer Empire), a Japan da Koriya. Sin ta zama ƙasa a cikin abin da jẽre alternated daban-daban dauloli, da kuma wani al'adu da kuma tattalin arziki cibiyar na yankin. Ko bayan samuwar babban Eurasian daular mangolawa a XIII karni, sõyayya a ƙasashen nahiyar daga Rasha zuwa tekun Pacific (a gaskiya, yammacin ɓangare na zamani ATR), ta babban birnin kasar na Genghis Khan suka yi Khanbalik (yanzu Beijing), da kuma koyi da kasar Sin da hadisin da al'adun.

Rasha na farko ya zo da Pacific Coast a XVII karni. Tun daga nan cikin bukatun da jihar suna inextricably nasaba da yankin. Riga Nerchinsk yarjejeniyar da aka sa hannu a shekarar 1689 - da farko na aikin daftarin aiki tsakanin Rasha da kuma China, wanda aka nuna ta da bambanci bangarori na da tasiri na wadannan kasashen dake yankin. Fiye da wadannan ƙarni, da Rasha Empire fadada fanni na tasiri a cikin Far East, wanda ba ka damar kiran zamani Rasha Federation mika wuyansu na Asia-Pacific yankin.

Jama'a ilimi a kan gabar yammacin kasar na Amurka nahiyar, wanda, Paradoxically, ne gabashin ɓangare na Asia-Pacific yankin, sun bayyana da yawa daga baya fiye da a Asiya. Peru ilimi "mulkin" na Cusco, daga abin da a cikin XV karni akwai sanannen Imperiya Inkov, nasa 1197 BC. Aztec daular a Mexico ya faru ko da daga baya.

Amma sassa daban daban na sararin yankin, a yanzu da aka sani da Apr ga lokaci, wanda muka ambata a sama, da aka watsar da su, da mazaunan gabar yammacin kasar na tekun Pacific bai san wani abu game da mazaunan gabas Coast, da kuma mataimakin versa. A guda naúrar na Asia-Pacific yankin hankali ya fara kunna kawai bayan da babban Gwargwadon binciken XV-XVII ƙarni. Wannan lokacin da Columbus ya gano America, kuma Magellan tafiya a duniya. Hakika, da hadewa da tattalin arziki a farkon matakai da aka wajen jinkirin taki, amma duk da haka tuni a XVI karni, da Philippines da aka kunshe a cikin Spanish Viceroyalty na New Spain tare da cibiyar a Mexico.

A 1846, bayan canja wuri na United Kingdom Oregon, Pacific kasar ta zama daya daga cikin gaggawa girma jihohin cewa lokaci - Amurka. Bayan da annexation na California, Amurka fadi da tsiri daga zuwa tekun Pacific da kuma nan da nan ya zama manyan iko a yankin a cikin shekaru biyu, sun fi mayar da shafi tattalin arziki a kasar da kuma kasuwanni. Sai bayan fadada daga cikin United States zuwa gabar yammacin kasar a cikin XIX karni, da Pacific yankin fara saya fasali na tattalin arziki da hadin kai.

Amma fiye ko žasa kusa da zamani siyasa da tattalin arziki siffar na Asia-Pacific samu kawai bayan mulkin mallaka bangare na XIX karni, biyu a duniya yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma aiwatar da decolonization. A lokacin yakin duniya na II, da Empire of Japan, bisa wani ƙawance da Nazi Jamus, kokarin da wani soja da karfi don tabbatar da wani rinjaye matsayi a cikin yankin, amma aka ci ta kawance sojojin.

wayewar

Bayan yakin duniya na II, kamar yadda sauran duniya, Asia-Pacific kasashen ne a zahiri ya kasu kashi biyu siyasa sansanonin: gurguzu model na ci gaba da kuma jari hujja. A farko sansanin, da shugabannin suka Tarayyar Soviet da kuma China (ko da yake shi ma yana da akida rikice-rikice a tsakanin kasashen biyu), a karo na biyu, mamaye da Amurka. sun Canada, Australia, Japan da kuma Amurka Bugu da kari, mafi tattalin arziki raya ƙasashe na Asia-Pacific yankin na jari hujja sansanin. Bayan wani lokaci ya bayyana cewa, duk da yawa shortcomings, jari hujja (yammacin) model na ci gaban tattalin arziki ya kafa kansa a matsayin nasara.

Ko da ci bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Japan ta zaba a Yammacin model na ci gaba, tare da taimakon {asar Amirka, a takaice in mun gwada span na lokacin ya zama daya daga cikin mafi tattalin arziki raya ƙasashe, ba kawai a yankin amma kuma duniya a manyan. Wannan sabon abu da aka kira "da Japan tattalin arziki mu'ujiza." A marigayi 80-ies na tattalin arzikin wannan kasa har ma da barazanar fita a kan saman a duniya cikin sharuddan GDP, amma wannan bai faru ba saboda da tattalin arziki da rikicin.

Bugu da kari, tun da 60-ies na XX karni, da karfi tattalin arziki yi ya nuna "Hudu Asian Tigers." Saboda haka muna kira da wadannan kasashe: Jamhuriyar Korea (South Korea), Singapore, Taiwan da kuma Hong Kong. Matakin ci gaba ne har ma mafi girma fiye da matakin da wasu kasashen yammacin Turai kasashe. Good girma rates kuma nuna Philippines da kuma Thailand. Amma a cikin gurguzu kasashen, musamman, Vietnam, Mongolia, Laos, Cambodia da kuma Korea ta Arewa ta tattalin arzikin girma mafi sharri.

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet a 1991, da siyasa halin da ake ciki a yankin ya canja da cika fuska. Daga m gurguzu tattalin arzikin ƙi zuwa ko da kasashe irin su China, wanda, duk da haka, shi ne kawai na karshe a yarda a nan gaba ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin da tattalin arzikin duniya. Irin wannan canje-canje, duk da haka, ba haka ba ne nasara, kuma akwai wasu sauran gurguzu kasashen da suke kunshe a cikin Asia-Pacific yankin. Policy da aka tura a cikin bango a Vietnam. Akwai, duk da ci gaba sarautar akidar Karl Marx akida, kamar yadda a cikin kasar Sin, abubuwa na kasuwar tattalin arzikin da aka gabatar. Cambodia a general ki gurguzu rukunan.

Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, Rasha ya rasa ta manyan matsayi a cikin yankin, duka a tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa sharuddan, amma tun farkon 2000, nuna wani gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki, sun fi mayar da kasa komawa hasãra.

Tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin da yankin sa da Asian rikicin kudi na 1997-1998 shekaru. "Hudu Asian Tigers" sun sha wahala mafi. A rikicin da cika fuska tsayar su girma. A iko duka aka kuma rarraba wa da Japan tattalin arzikin. An wannan rikicin ya zama daya daga cikin Sanadin default a Rasha tun 1998. Mutane da yawa daga cikin matsalolin halin yanzu na Asia-Pacific yankin da asalin a wadannan rikicin events.

China ta tattalin arzikin ma ya sha wahala, amma, a kwatanta da aka ambata a sama kasashe, ba sosai cewa, kwanan nan a yarda a ci gaba da girma cikin sauri. A 2014, kasar Sin ta tattalin arzikin da ya koma cikin farko wuri a duniya, gaba na Amurka GDP da kuma sayen ikon parity. Jagoran a kan wannan nuna alama China ne har yanzu a halin yanzu, ko da yake ya zuwa yanzu har yanzu baya ga Amurka maras GDP. Bayan haka, yanzu kayayyakin daga China mamaye Asia-Pacific kasuwa, yafi saboda su gwada da low cost.

Tattalin arziki na duniya rikicin na 2008 da shekara shi ma yana da mummunan tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin da yankin, amma ba kamar yadda detrimental matsayin Asian rikicin na 1997. Saboda haka, Asia-Pacific yankin ne da nisa da daya daga cikin mafi iko da tattalin arziki yankuna a duniya, tare da gabas Coast na Amurka da yammacin Turai.

A kasar da shugabannin

Next za mu magana game da abin da irin kasar a halin yanzu mamaye a wannan yankin, kuma da abin da albarkatun da shi ne suke aikatãwa.

Gaskiyar cewa Asia-Pacific yankin ne shugaba a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, evidenced da cewa kawai kasashe uku na yankin (Amurka, Sin da Japan) ya dauki fari a duniya da maras muhimmanci GDP. GDP (PPP) shugabannin, Sin da Amurka. Na uku wuri ke zuwa India, wanda wasu masana kuma ya shafi Asia-Pacific yankin. A saman goma ga wannan nuna alama hada da kasashe irin su Japan, Rasha da kuma Indonesia.

A mafi yawan kasar a cikin duniya shi ne kuma daya daga Asiya-Pacific kasashen - China. Don kwanan wata, yawan jama'ar na kasar ya wuce alamar biliyan 1.3 mutane. A saman goma ma ya hada da irin} asashen dake yankin, da Amurka, Indonesia. Rasha da kuma Japan.

A cikin Asia-Pacific yankin yana hudu manyan yankunan kasar da duniya: Rasha, Canada, China da kuma Amurka. Bugu da kari, a saman goma kasashen hada da Australia (6th wuri).

Asia-Pacific yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na duniya kasuwar

Idan muka yi la'akari da totality na tattalin arziki na dukkan kasashe a cikin Asia-Pacific yankin, za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa yankin ne a duniya, most kasuwar, wanda, idan ka yi la'akari duk Manuniya na tattalin arziki na kasashe irin su Amurka, China da kuma Rasha, Turai kasuwar a wannan mataki iya ba gasa. Gaba na Turai, Asiya da yankin Pacific yankin nasara da aka sanya. Masana sun yi hasashen wani ko mafi muhimmanci fada bayan sauran tattalin arzikin na EU da kuma sauran kasashen Turai daga Asia-Pacific tattalin arziki a nan gaba.

Yanzu a kasuwa na Asia-Pacific yankin ta high bukatar kayayyakin, da yi wadda latest lantarki fasahar ana amfani.

Hadin kai da kuma hadewa

Babbar hanyar hadin gwiwa Asia-Pacific yankin taka wata fairly muhimmiyar rawa a cikin daidaituwa na dangantakar tsakanin kasashen. Hadewa tsakanin kasashe daban-daban na yankin da aka bayyana a cikin halittar daban-daban tattalin arziki da siyasa da ƙungiyoyi.

A mafi muhimmanci na wadannan su ne: da siyasa da tattalin arziki ASEAN Organization (Thailand, Laos da Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Myanmar), hadin kai ta Shanghai Organization (Rasha, China, India, Pakistan da kuma da dama tsakiyar Asiya CIS), Asia -Pacific hadin gwiwa (APEC) (a} asashe 21, a yankin, ciki har da Amurka, Sin da Rasha).

Bugu da kari, akwai da dama na karami kungiyoyi da cewa, da bambanci ga sama sunan, kada rufe dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziki aiki na jihohi, da kuma kware a takamaiman sassa. Alal misali, Asian bankin raya ƙware a kudi kansu aiki.

The most tattalin arziki cibiyoyin

A mafi girma a birnin, da siyasa, da tattalin arziki da cibiyar a yankin sun hada da Los Angeles, San Francisco (USA), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing (China), Taipei (Taiwan), Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (South Korea), Jakarta (Indonesia ), Sydney, Melbourne (Australia), Singapore.

Wani lokaci, a cikin cibiyoyin da kuma kira birnin, birnin Moscow. Ko da yake shi ne located daga Pacific Ocean, amma amma duk da haka shi ne babban birnin da kuma mafi girma a birnin geographically da most Pacific ikon - Rasha.

Rawar da Rasha a cikin Asia-Pacific yankin

Rasha ta muhimmancin da Asia-Pacific hadin gwiwa da wuya a overestimate. Shi ne daya daga cikin shugabannin da kungiyar SCO kungiyar, wanda kuma ya hada da China, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a hadewa ayyukan a yankin. Har ila yau, Rasha Federation - mafi girma a kasar a cikin size daga waɗanda suke kunshe a cikin Asia-Pacific yankin. Rasha ma yana da daraja a cikin goma most duniya tattalin arziki cikin sharuddan GDP, wanda kara jaddada da muhimmancin a cikin yankin.

A mafi kyau bege gwamnatin Rasha ya dora a kan fadada hadin gwiwa tare da sauran yankuna na shugaban - China.

ci gaba kintace

Kara ci gaba da na Asia-Pacific yankin dogara a kan da yawa tattalin arziki da siyasa abubuwan. A lokaci guda, ya riga ya yiwu a ce a yanzu da cewa yankin ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin da tattalin arzikin duniya. Kuma a nan gaba shi sa ran matsawa duniya ta tattalin arziki da cibiyoyin Yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka Gabas Coast ne ƙasa na Asia-Pacific yankin.

By 2030, jimlar GDP ana sa ran kara da 70% a cikin yankin.

Tamanin da yankin

Asia-Pacific ne daya daga uku manyan tattalin arziki yankuna na duniya, tare da Gabas American kuma yammacin Turai. Amma, sabanin wadannan yankuna, kuma harkar kasuwanci da cewa sannu a hankali Fading, Asia-Pacific, da bambanci, shi ne wani sosai alamar rahama wuri inda motsi da babban tattalin arziki tafiyar matakai.

Kamar yadda mafi masana, shi ne Asia-Pacific yankin ne cibiyar, wanda a nan gaba za su gaba daya mamaye tattalin arzikin duniya.