Animal parasites. iri parasitism

Wasu daga cikin dabbobi suna haife kuma mutu, sai ku ciyar da rayuwarsu a jikin sauran fauna. Na farko, amfani da biyu a matsayin tushen iko. Animal parasites iya located a kan jikin wani dabba, ku ci jinin. Alal misali, fleas da kwarkwata rayuwa a kan fata na rundunar (abin da ake kira jiki, wanda ya auku saboda kasancewar m). Wasu dabbobi, parasites iya samar da kansu abinci a cikin hanjinsu, jini, da kuma sauran gabobin, haddasa babban lahani ga masu shi. Mutuwa ta iya ba sa, amma take kaiwa zuwa wani janar weakening na jiki da kuma duniya. Sun iya sa cututtuka daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar wasu wakilan fauna ga mutum.

parasitism

The kalmar "m" yana Greek tushen da kuma a zahiri fassara a matsayin "m." Manyan da kuma kananan, "m" ciyar da Lymph da jini, tsokoki da narkewar abinci, ko dai har abada, ko kuma dan lokaci amfani da wasu kwayoyin a matsayin mazauninsu. Parasitism ne daya daga cikin hanyoyi na co-zama daban-daban na dabbobi. Shi ne ciki, m da mace.

ciki

Wannan irin dabba parasites (sunayensu suke a cikin daruruwan) shiga cikin kayan ciki na daban-daban dabbobi da cewa rayuwa akwai ninka, bada m zũriyarmu, haddasa wata iri-iri na guba kayayyakin na rayuwa, kazalika - wasu irin cututtuka. Man, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka iya zama kamuwa da cin nama daga dabbobi da cewa ba wuce wani isasshen zafi magani.

na farko

Wadannan dabbobi ne parasites ne don haka kananan cewa za su iya zama rude tare da kwayoyin. Bisa ga tsarin - guda-celled kwayoyin. Iya ko ba da harsashi a haifa jima'i ko asexually, zama a tsaye ko motsi. Sun yawanci rayuwa a kan mucous membranes, jini, gland. Na musamman hadura ga mutum toxoplasmosis za a iya gano pathogen Toxoplasma gondii pathogen da kuma leishmaniasis - Leishmania donovani. Wadannan parasites a dabbobi da mutane yawanci daukar kwayar cutar da abinci.

helminths

Girma na parasitic tsutsotsi ne daban-daban da kuma dauki wani tsawon daga 'yan millimeters har zuwa mitoci da dama. Helminth cututtuka zai iya sa. Kasu kashi uku kungiyoyin: trematodes, nematodes da cestodes.

flukes

A haɗe via tsotsa kofuna kuma suna da wani elongated jiki ba tare da ~ angarorin da wanda yayi kama ganye. Alal misali, hanta fluke, wanda zaune a cikin bile ducts na tumaki, amma za a iya daukar kwayar cutar da mutane. Yana kai wani santimita a fadi da a tsawon - har zuwa uku.

cestodes

Wadannan dabbobi ne parasites kira "inuwa" ko tapeworms. Su parasitic a cikin balagaggu mataki a cikin Gut da kuma mutumin da dabbobi. Kuma a cikin larval - ne a wasu kifi gabobin, kwari, da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bã su da wani lebur segmented jiki, daban-daban siffar. Ci diffusely, tare da taimakon osmosis, saboda hana narkewa kamar tsarin. Alal misali, ekinokokk iya parasitize a cikin hanji na karnuka da tapeworm (wani lokacin shi ne tsayin mita biyar) - a lokacin adult mataki a cikin hanjinsu mutum. A larval mataki na tapeworm daukan wuri a cikin tsokoki aladu da kuma cinyewa irin wannan nama ba tare da isasshen zafi magani, mutane kuma za a iya kamuwa.

nematodes

Wadannan roundworms (msl, kamar su Trichinella spirallis) da tsawon na uku millimeters. Adult siffofin parasites a cikin hanjinsu na dabbobi da mutane, da larvae iya zama a cikin tsokoki. Lokacin amfani da naman alade da cutar tare da larvae na wani mutum, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne ma kamu da nematodes.

Arthropod dabba parasites

Misalai: mites, lice, fleas da sauro. Na mites, wanda suke tsaka-tsaki runduna da vectors na daban-daban pathogens - dukan iyalin Ixodes (Ixodidae). A Sarcoptidae iyali ma ya hada da daban-daban mites hanyar scabies a cikin mutane. Parasites shiga cikin intradermal motsa sa qwai, ko rayuwa a kan fata surface. Sun kasance a cikin waje parasites.

sauro

Wannan ne ma da waje dabba parasites. Misalan wadannan "nahlebnicheskoy" ayyuka - ikon jini. A kan mutum ko dabba jiki su zauna, amma parasites yin amfani da jini (ectoparasitism) a matsayin abinci. Sha'awa, da mutane na biyu mata da maza ciyar a kan sauro yawanci Nectar da kuma shuka juices. Duk da haka, a da yawa jinsunan (a Rasha su ne fiye da dari) ne karbuwa daga cikin bakin to soki fata na azabtar. A mace na'am da gina jiki daga jini da kuma samu ikon ajiye mafi qwai. Kuma akwai iri biyu na samar da wutar lantarki: jini da kuma kafura. Amma daga jini da mace samun sunadaran a matsayin kayan gini domin su qwai. Maza suna amfani da abinci kawai Nectar, kaucewa daga parasitism. Kimiyance tabbatar da cewa wasu sauro jinsin za a iya amfani da a matsayin abinci da jini na tsuntsaye, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da ma - kifi!

leeches

Wadannan zumunta na earthworm ma fi son jini a matsayin abinci. Tsotsa shi, su ne parasites daga sauran kwayoyin. Leeches gano hadaya ta yanayin jiki ko ta wari. Sa'an nan hašawa da su, ta hanyar cizon fata uku samuwa jaws. Su yau ne don haka saba da yanayi ba wani analgesic sakamako da kuma hana jini clotting.

lampreys

Suna cin gajiyar kifi. Bakinsa lamprey dora kansa a jikin kifi, tearing fata. Sabõda haka, shi yana da ikon zuwa lambatu jini da kuma sauran ruwaye daga rauni. Lokacin da jikewa auku aiwatar lamprey da dama a kashe daga rauni da kuma shanku zuwa kasa har yunwa sake.

Abin da dabbobi suna parasites ma wanzu a yanayi? Wadannan sun hada da isopods. Su ciji ta, kamar yadda mai mulkin, fata, ko harsashi na marine rayuwa da kuma ci a cikin irin wannan hanya "hawa a kan dawakai," a kan rundunar.

gida parasitism

Oddly isa, tsuntsaye - ma dabba kwari. Sunayen wadannan tashi "freeloaders" yana da game da tamanin jinsunan da biyar iyalansu. Mafi shahara wakilin ne cuckoo. Yana sanya ta qwai a cikin wani gida ta, a cikin wani iri haifar da tsuntsaye da sauran jinsunan (misali, a woodpecker) kukushat girma. A cuckoo hatched, jefa qwai daga cikin gida na wata woodpecker, kawar da fafatawa a gasa.

Wasu kifi da kwari suna ma da hannu a cikin wannan gida parasitism, ta amfani da wasu dabbobi don rearing zũriyarsu.