A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha. A abin da shekara da aka abolition na serfdom

Legal rajista matsayi bisa ga manoma kira serfdom. Wannan sabon abu ne halin da ci gaban al'umma a gabashi da yammacin Turai. Samuwar serfdom da alaka da juyin halitta na mulkin gargajiya tsakaninsu.

Origin of serfdom a Turai

Jigon da mulkin gargajiya dogara da manoma daga mai masauki a iko a kan mutum serf. Ya yiwu in saya da kuma sayar, don hana tafiya a cikin ƙasa, ko birni, ko sarrafa sirri rayuwa al'amurran da suka shafi.

Kamar yadda mulkin gargajiya dangantakar ci gaba, dangane da halaye na yankin, da kuma serfdom dauki siffar a cikin daban-daban jihohi a daban-daban sau. A yammacin Turai, shi ne makale a tsakiyar zamanai. A Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, serfdom da aka soke a XVII karni. Gyare-gyaren da suka shafi cikin kwata 'yanci na manoma, arziki a cikin haske. Gabashi da tsakiyar Turai - yankuna inda mulkin gargajiya dangantaka dade daina. A Poland, da Jamhuriyar Czech, Hungary serfdom aka fara dauki siffar a cikin XV-XVI ƙarni. Abin sha'awa, a cikin Nordic kasashen norms na mulkin gargajiya dogara da manoma daga mulkin gargajiya da ya ba ci gaba.

A halaye da kuma yanayi na mulkin gargajiya samuwar dogara

A tarihin serfdom yale mu mu gano halayyar fasali na jihar da kuma zamantakewa tsarin a wadda dangantaka an kafa dangane da manoma da masu arziki gonaki:

1. A gaban wani karfi tsakiyar iko.
2. Social bambantawa ta hanyar mallaka.
3. Low matakin ilimi.

A wani wuri mataki na ci gaba da mulkin gargajiya dangantakar manufofin bautar wani baƙauye da aka makala zuwa ƙasar Holdings na mallaki gidaje da kuma hana gudun hijira na ma'aikata. Legal norms tsara da aiwatar da biyan haraji - rashin yawan ƙungiyoyi yuwuwa tarin haraji. Tsakanin ɓullo da feudalism hani zama more bambancin. Yanzu manomi ba kawai ba su iya matsawa da kansa daga wuri zuwa wuri, amma ba su da dama da kuma damar da za su saya da dukiya, da ƙasar ya biya wani adadin da mai masauki domin na da hakkin ya yi aiki a kan shafukan. Taƙaitawa ga ƙananan strata na yawan na daban-daban na yanki da kuma dogara a kan halaye na ci gaban al'umma.

The asalin serfdom a Rasha

Kan aiwatar da bauta kana a Rasha - a matakin doka dokoki - ya fara a cikin XV karni. Soke sirri dogara da aka sanya da yawa daga baya, fiye da sauran kasashen Turai. Bisa ga ƙidaya, yawan serfs a fagage daban-daban na kasar da aka daban-daban. Dogara da manoma a farkon na XIX karni fara a hankali matsawa zuwa wasu kadarori.

Masu bincike suna neman asalin kuma Sanadin serfdom a Rasha a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na zamani na Old Rasha jihar. Ulla dangantakar zaman jama'a faruwa cikin sharuddan da ciwon karfi gwamnatin tsakiya - a kalla a lokacin shekaru 100-200, a zamanin mulkin Vladimira Velikogo da Yaroslava Mudrogo. Babban jiki na dokokin na lokaci shi ne "Rasha gaskiya". Yana dauke da kayan abinci da kayyade da dangantakar da free kuma unfree manoma da gonaki. Associates, sun kasance bayi, barorinsa, sayan, ryadovichi - da suka fadi a cikin fansar wuyõyi karkashin daban-daban yanayi. Yana aka gwada free smerdy - su biya haraji kuma yana da hakkin a ƙasar.

Tartar mamayewa da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation karfe Yanã Rus lalace. Land sau daya united jihar ya zama wani ɓangare na Poland, Lithuania, Muscovy. New yunkurin da aka yi bautar a cikin XV karni.

A farkon samuwar mulkin gargajiya dogara

A XV-XVI ƙarni a kan ƙasa da tsohon Rus aka kafa manorial tsarin. A manomi amfani da filaye mai a karkashin sharuddan da kwangila. Shar'ance, ya kasance wani free mutum. A manomi iya samun daga mallaki gidaje zuwa wani wuri, amma ya kore shi ba zai šauki. The kawai ya rage mata - ba shi yiwuwa ya bar ƙasar har shi zai biya ga mai shi.

A farko ƙoƙari na rage hakkokin da manoma da aka yi ta Ivan III. "Sudebnik" marubucin ya amince da mika mulki ga sauran ƙasashe domin a mako kafin da kuma bayan da St. George ta Day. A 1581 a hukuncin da aka bayar ta hana saki da manoma a wasu shekaru. Amma wannan ba ya hašawa da su zuwa wani yankin. Umurnin Nuwamba 1597 amince da bukatar koma wa maigidan haya runaway ma'aikata. A 1613 ikon a Muscovy zo Romanov daular - suka ƙara nema da kuma dawo runaway.

Game da majalisar Code

A abin da shekara serfdom zama dai da doka na kullum? Hukumance, da dogara da matsayi na peasantry aka amince da majalisar Code of 1649. The daftarin aiki ya muhimmanci daban-daban daga baya ayyukan. Code ne babban dabara a fagen tsari na mallaki gidaje da baƙauye dangantaka ya zuwa ban da karshen su matsa zuwa wasu garuruwa da kuma kauyuka. A matsayin wurin zama ya samu ƙasa a cikin abin da mutum zauna a kan sakamako daga cikin ƙidaya 1620-ies. Wani bambancin da ke tsakanin norms na dokar code - zargin cewa search for da gudun hijira ya zama m. manoma da hakkin ya iyakance - da daftarin aiki ne kusan daidaita su gaya manoma. farm ma'aikata mallakar Mr.

Fara na serfdom - jerin hani a kan motsi. Amma akwai da ka'idoji da cewa kare da arbitrariness na mallaki gidaje. A manomi iya gunaguni ko Sue, ba za a iya hana ƙasar kawai don magance Gentlemen.

A general, wadannan dokoki da aka gyarawa serfdom. Shekaru fita don kammala aiwatar da rajista na da cikakken mulkin gargajiya dogara.

A tarihin serfdom a Rasha

Bayan da majalisar Code bayyana da dama takardun, wanda tsayayyen matsayi na dogara manoma. A karshe, hašawa da su zuwa wani wurin zama haraji garambawul 1718-1724 lokaci. A hankali constraints sun kai ga zane na bawa yanayin manoma. A 1747, gonaki da aka ba dama su sayar da ma'aikaci recruits, kuma a cikin wani shekaru 13 - aika a cikin gudun hijira a Siberia.

Da farko, da manomi samu damar kai kuka ga mallaki gidaje, amma shi yana tare da 1767 soke. A 1783-m serfdom baza zuwa karkarar da Hagu-Bank Ukraine. All dokokin, mai gaskatãwa ga mulkin gargajiya dogara, kare ne kawai da yancin gonaki.

Duk wani takardun da nufin kyautata halin da ake ciki na manoma, a gaskiya watsi. Paul na hukunta kwanaki uku na serfdom, amma zahiri aiki dade 5-6 days. Tun 1833 gidan haya samu a bin doka enforceable hakkin ya jefa cikin sirri rai na serf.

Akayi na serfdom aka yarda a duba duk turakun a kullawa baƙauye dogara.

A kan Hauwa'u na garambawul

A rikicin serf tsarin fara da za a ji a karshen da XVIII karni. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya hana ci gaban al'umma da kuma ci gaban da jari hujja dangantakar. Serfdom ya bangon da ya raba Rasha daga m kasashen Turai.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa akwai wani mulkin gargajiya dogara a kan dukan ƙasa na kasar. Serfdom ya ba a cikin Caucasus, da Far East, a cikin Asian larduna. A farkon karni XIX shi da aka soke a Courland, Livonia. Alexander na bayar da wata doka a kan free cultivators. Manufar ya taimaka matsa lamba a kan manoma.

Nicholas I sanya wani ƙoƙari na haifar da hukumar cewa zai ci gaba da daftarin aiki soke serfdom. Kawar da wannan irin, dangane hana gidan haya. The sarki ya umarci gonaki a lokacin kwata 'yanci na manoma, to ba shi ƙasar ya iya rike. A sakamakon wannan dokar da aka sani - gidan haya daina yantad serfs.

Complete yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha za a sanya dan Nicholas I - Alexander II.

Sanadin Agrarian garambawul

Serfdom hana ci gaban jihar. A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha ya zama tarihi larura. Ba kamar kasashen Turai da dama, a Rasha kasa da suka ci gaba da masana'antu da kuma cinikayya. Dalilin da cewa shi ne rashin dalili da kuma amfani da ma'aikata na wahalarsu. Serfdom wani birki a kan ci gaban kasuwar dangantakar da kammala juyin juya halin masana'antu. A da yawa kasashen Turai shi ya samu nasarar kare a farkon na XIX karni.

Mulkin gargajiya mai masauki tattalin arziki da kuma kulla dangantaka daina zama tasiri - su ne m, kuma ba dace tarihi gaskiya. Serf aiki ba gaskata kanta. A dogara da matsayi na manoma, gaba daya hana su hakkokin da hankali ya zama mai kara kuzari ga fitina. Social damunsu girma. Bukatar gyara daga serfdom. fitowa a yanke shawara bukata a sana'a m.

An muhimmin taron, da sakamako daga abin da yake da garambawul na 1861, shine Crimean War, a cikin abin da Rasha da aka ci. Social al'amurran da suka shafi kasashen waje da manufofin kasawa nuna unproductive cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin.

Ra'ayin da na serfdom

Hali ga serfdom bayyana ta da yawa marubuta, 'yan siyasa, explorers, gabascin. Plausible bayanin irin rayuwa na manoma da aka tace. Tun farkon kasancewar serfdom wanzu 'yan ra'ayin a kan asusun. Mu rarrabe biyu main gaban. Wasu tunanin da irin wannan dangantaka da juna domin monarchical jihar tsarin. Serfdom aka kira tarihi sharadi sakamako na patriarchal dangantakar, da amfani ga ilimi da yawan jama'a da kuma bukatar samar da cikakken da kuma tasiri a tattalin arziki. Na biyu, kishiyar na farko, da matsayin da yayi magana akan mulkin gargajiya dogara a matsayin haramtacce sabon abu. Serfdom, bisa ga magoya na ra'ayi, aka lalata zamantakewa da kuma tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar. Proponents na matsayi na biyu za a iya kira Herzen, Aksakov. Bazawa A. Savelyev musanta wani korau al'amurran da serfdom. Marubucin ya rubuta cewa kalamai game da bala'i na manoma ne da nisa daga gaskiya. A gyara daga 1861 ma generated gauraye reviews.

Development garambawul Project

Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II karo na farko ya yi magana game da alama na da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a 1856. Shekara guda daga baya, kwamitin da aka gudanar, wanda ya ci gaba da sake fasalin aikin. Yana kunshi mutane 11. Hukumar kammala da cewa shi ne dole don ƙirƙirar musamman kwamitoci a kowane lardi. Ya kamata su yi nazarin halin da ake ciki a ƙasa, kuma Ya sanya gyara da kuma shawarwari. A 1857, wannan aikin da aka halatta. Babban ra'ayin na asali shirin na kauda tashe serfdom - da kawar da sirri dogara, yayin da rike gonaki ƙasar hakkin. Yana bayar da ga gwamnatin rikon kwarya lokacin da karbuwa daga jama'a don gyara. Zai yiwu yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha ya jawo rashin fahimta a matsakaici gonaki. A sabuwar kafa kwamitin ma gudanar da gwagwarmaya a kusa da yanayi na garambawul. A 1858 aka yanke shawarar sassauta matsin lamba a kan manoma, ba soke dogara. A mafi nasara aikin raya Y. Rostovtsev. A shirin samar da yarjejeniyoyin da sirri dogara, kullawa da sauyin zamani, da arziki na ƙasar ga manoma. Conservative 'yan siyasa ba su son aiki - da suka nemi su rage hakkokin da manoma da kuma girman Holdings. A 1860, bayan mutuwar Y. Rostovtsev, ci gaban shirye-shirye tsunduma V. Panin.

A sakamakon shekaru da dama na aikin da kwamitocin kafa dalilin da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom. 1861 a tarihin Rasha ya zama alama a kowane hanya.

A shela na "Shelar"

The aikin na agrarian gyara kafa tushen da "Shelar na kauda tashe serfdom." A rubutu na wannan daftarin aiki kari da "Dokokin kan manoma" - su ne aka bayyana a cikin mafi daki-daki, duk da tausasãwa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki canji. A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha da aka gudanar 19 Fabrairu 1861 shekara. A wannan rana, Sarkin sarakuna hannu da manifesto da kuma bayyana shi.

daftarin aiki shirin soke serfdom. Non-m shekaru na mulkin gargajiya dangantakar a baya. Akalla wancan ne abin da da yawa tunani.

Babban arziki da daftarin aiki:

• Manoma samu sirri da 'yanci, an dauke "dan lokaci wajabta."
• Tsohon serfs iya zama dukiya, da hakkin ya kai gwamnati.
• Manoma bayar ƙasar, amma da suka kamata su yi aiki da biya shi. Babu shakka, tsohon serfs da babu kudi saya, don haka abu ƙa'ida sake masa suna cikin sirri dogara.
• A size na ƙasar mãkirci m gidan haya.
• Gonaki samu wani garanti daga Jihar ga dama fansa ma'amaloli. Saboda haka, kudi wajibai shar'anta a kan manoma.

Kasa, da hankali ne kiran su zuwa ga teburin "Serfdom: abolition na sirri dogara." Bari mu bincika da kyau da kuma illar da yin gyare-gyare.

m	korau
Samun sirri yancin walwala	Akwai hani akan ƙungiyoyi
A dama da yardar kaina shiga cikin aure, to cinikayya, mu sallama gunaguni ga kotu, to mallaki dukiya	A rashin damar saya ƙasar zahiri kõma, zuwa ga matsayin da baƙauye serf
Ana zargin harsãshensa na ci gaba kasuwar dangantakar	gidan haya da hakkin ya sa sama da yancin commoners
	Manoma ba su yarda da aiki, ba ta san yadda za ta shiga cikin kasuwar. Kamar yadda gidan haya bai san yadda za a yi rayuwa ba tare da serfs
	Ƙẽtare fansa ƙasar rabo
	Formation na yankunan karkara al'umma. Ta kasance ba a factor a cikin m cigaban al'umma

1861 a Rasha tarihi shi ne shekara na nasara a social tushe. Mulkin gargajiya dangantakar da aka gyarawa a cikin al'umma iya daina amfani. Amma yin gyare-gyare da aka ba isasshe tunanin fitar, don haka yana da yawa mummunan sakamakon.

Rasha bayan ya gyara aikinsa,

A sakamakon serfdom, kamar unwillingness to jari hujja dangantakar da rikicin ga dukkan azuzuwan, magana game da untimely da kuma rashin hankali na samarwa canje-canje. A kan gyara daga cikin manoman amsa manyan-sikelin wasanni. Fitina share yawa larduna. A lokacin 1861 akwai fiye da 1000 tarzoma.

Cikin illar da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, wanda aka daidai da abin ya shafa da kuma gidan haya, da kuma manoma, da tattalin arziki da tasiri a kan jihar ne ba a shirye su canza Rasha. A gyara soke data kasance tsawon lokaci tsarin na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki dangantakar, amma bai haifar da database da shawarar hanyoyi na kara raya kasar a wani sabon yanayi. Matalauta peasantry yanzu gaba daya hallaka, da kuma zalunci na gidan haya, da kuma bukatun da girma bourgeois aji. A sakamakon haka shi da deceleration a jari hujja ci gaban kasar.

Garambawul ba a sami 'yanci daga serfdom na manoma, amma kawai suka ɗauki karshe damar ciyar da iyalansu a kudi na gidan haya suke zamar masa dole doka ta su ci gaba da serfs. Su Holdings sun ragu a kwatanta da pre-gyare-gyare. Maimakon sadãkõkinsu, wanda suka aikata a maigidan haya, akwai babbar biya na daban-daban hali. A yankunan karkara al'umma ne kusan gaba daya a kawar da dama na yin amfani da gandun daji, natsuwa da tafkunan. The manoma sun har yanzu m raba dukiya. Kuma har yanzu aka mai da su kamar yadda data kasance a cikin wani na musamman da shari'a tsarin mulki.

A gidan haya ma sha wahala mai yawa na asarar saboda gyara ya iyakance su tattalin arziki da sha'awa. Kenkenewa a kan manoma shafe yiwuwar free amfani da past ga ci gaban aikin noma. A gaskiya ma, gidan haya tilasta wa manoman rabo ƙasar ikon mallakar. Garambawul na daban-daban saba wa juna da kuma inconsistencies, rashin mafita ga kara raya al'umma da kuma dangantaka tsakanin tsohon bayi da gidan haya. Amma, ƙarshe, sabon tarihi lokaci, wanda ya m muhimmanci da aka gano.

Baƙauye garambawul da aka bayar da muhimmanci ga kara samuwar da kuma ci gaban jari hujja dangantakar a Rasha. Daga cikin tabbatacce sakamakon zai iya haskaka da wadannan:

• Bayan kwata 'yanci na manoma akwai m Trend in ci gaban da ba sana'a aiki da karfi kasuwar.

• A m cin gaban masana'antu da kuma noma da kasuwanci ta ci gaba ta hanyar samar da wani tsohon serf ƙungiyoyin da hakkokin mallaka. Estate hakkokin da tsada a ƙasa da aka shafe, da kuma damar da za su sayar da ƙasar mãkirci.

• A garambawul na 1861 da aka ajiye daga kudi lalata da gidan haya, kamar yadda jihar dauki kan babbar basusuka na fansa biya manoman.

• A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom aiki a matsayin wata bukata kafun ga halittar wani kundin tsara don tabbatar mutane da 'yancin, da kuma yancin nauyi. Wannan shi ne babban makasudin a kan hanyar zuwa wani miƙa mulki daga mai cikakkar daular mulkinsu zuwa tsarin mulki, da cewa shi ne - da bin doka da oda, a cikin abin da 'yan asalin rayuwa da dokokin da karfi, da kuma kowa da kowa yana ba da dama ga m sirri kariya.

• Active gina sabon masana'antu da kuma shuke-shuke da ya kai ga cewa ya fara samar da marigayi ci gaban fasaha.

Post-gyare-gyare lokacin da aka rarrabe karfafa matsayi na bourgeoisie da kuma tattalin arziki gagarumar raunanar da nobility, wanda har yanzu gudanar da jihar da kuma tabbaci rike da ikon, wanda da gudummawar da wani jinkirin mika mulki ga wani jari hujja nau'i na management.

A lokaci guda akwai fitowan na proletariat a matsayin mai raba aji. A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha an bi ta Zemstvo (1864), birni (1870), da kotun (1864), da sojoji (1874) ya gyãra cewa amfana da bourgeoisie. Dalilin wadannan majalisu canje-canje zai fassara sarrafawa da kuma administrative management a Rasha a doka da aiwatar da sabon kunno kai zamantakewa Tsarin, inda miliyoyin liberated manoma so don samun dama da za a kira mutane.