A. V. Schusev, m: biography, ayyukan, aiki, photo aiki, iyali

Academician na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet, sau hudu lashe da Stalin Prize Aleksey Viktorovich Schusev - m da kuma mai girma mahaliccinsa, mãdalla da theoretician kuma ba kasa na ƙwarai m, waɗanda ayyukansu ne girman kai na kasar, zai zama gwarzo wannan labarin. Ga tattauna a daki-daki, aikinsa kuma hanyar rayuwa.

Architecture matsayin wani tsari na rayuwa

Shchusev, m, ko zuwa na karshe Soviet kwayoyin Kwayoyin, amma a lokaci guda, kamar yadda suka faɗa, da m na Allah. Ya kullum bukaci abokan aiki duk kerawa, m ka'idojin da cewa ko da yaushe fi a cikin gine na boldest kayayyaki, kamar yadda aka fi hankali hade da rai a duk da bayyananen, da kuma rayuwa ba jure bai dace ba. "Daskararre siffan ba ya wanzu, da kuma gine-gine ne mafi kyau iya tabbatar da wannan," - ya ce Shchusev. Architect a shi ya rayu neman, kullum kokarin sabon abadin har karshen sakamakon shi ne ba su gamsu, gano gamsuwa kawai a cikin ilmi. An fara daga Vitruvius, kowane m nema ya haifar da kansa ka'idar da art, kuma da farkon karni na ashirin, sun tara mai girma da yawa - da mafi bambancin da categorical, kuma da nisa daga ɗaukar hoto na da matsayi da manufofi dabandaban da kuma ka'idojin da bayyana ko gaskata directing ko iyakance kanta gine-gine da kerawa.

Ga kan dukkan wadannan theories, samu mafi rarrabe gine-ginen, da kuma kafa m da kuma makarantu. A bambanci ga mafi m abokan aiki Shchusev (matukar shahara m), wanda ya kafa wani abu ya za a taba nemi, bai sa a gaba, bai haifar da makarantu theories. Wannan ne yake aikata ta mabiyansa, suka yi binciken ta gaskiya ma'anar a cikin tarihi na biyu Rasha da kuma Soviet gine-gine, wanda ya gano Tsarin da gine-gine halitta shi. Hakika, ya yi magana da ka'idantasu, domin ya fahimtar da gine-gine, dandano da basira da sha'awar mutane da yawa. Wadannan kalamai tsaya quite a kan wani par da painstaking bincike cewa wasu majiɓinta gina a shiru da ofisoshin domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata. Yanzu, a cikin kowace hanya nemi da archives da kuma tunaninsu ne Nuggets na m ilimi, wanda da zarar bazata kika aika Aleksey Schusev, m.

kabarin

Ayyukansa suna imbued tare da biyu sauki da hikima, da kuma cikakken cikakken ilimi na m craft gefe na manyan gine-gine. Su - rai kwarewa, kowa hankali, diraya, kuma, wata babbar zuba jari na zalla mutum ji. Wannan shi ne abin da a yarda da shi ko da yaushe cika zũriyarsu babban jama'a ra'ayin. Da ake ji data kasance, ko alama rashozhie siffar, m Schusev A. V. amincewa ƙirƙirar gaba daya na kanka hanya. Ya shi a kasa tarihi style, classic ko zamani, ya juya waje ba m ma'ana lissafin, kuma m hadin kai, soldered da kuma ado ji na gine-gine da kuma sassaka, da kuma zanen. Wannan shi ne daidai da daya daga cikin mafi ƙwarai daga cikin ayyukansa - da V. I. Lenina kabarin a Moscow a kan Red Square, halitta a 1926-1930, bi da bi. Tako pyramidal girma, kungiyoyin rectangular ginshiƙai, wanda gudanar da wani saman farantin - duk wannan a gine ne ba sabon.

Duk da haka kabarin magically samu ikon, asali, m fasali, kwarai expressiveness dukkan gwargwado, kuma mafi muhimmanci - da cikakkar connectedness tare da nada wannan makaman, Fusion a cikin gungu da sauran gine-gine da abubuwa na yankin. Duk wannan da kuma yin wannan makaman da babban alama ce ta lokaci. All yanke shawarar rabo. Architect Schusev AV lasafta a matsayin tsawo da kauri daga cikin faranti, sa'an nan na karuwa ne, sa'an nan yankan cewa makoki a kwance a tsaye form, cike da makamashi, da kuma bakin ciki ƙulli daga cikin ƙananan jam'iyya da kuma Compactness - wasan zorro, sarcophagus ba zato ba tsammani motsi a matakala da kuma sarari dandamali, inda bikin 'yancin , iska da haske. Shi ne saboda wannan m samu funereal girmanka kabarin an canza kama zuwa wani festive da kuma farin ciki na lashe zanga-zangar. A wannan lokaci, da aka gudanar a cikin Kremlin gyara da kuma sake gina, don haka kabarin da aka rufe na karshe farati. Mutane sun zama gundura da kuma rubuta da yawa game da shi a kan Internet. Lalle ne, wannan shiri zai iya ganin dukan m Shchusev, waɗanda ayyukansu ne high ruhaniya abun ciki, wani hadadden na girma zamantakewa ideas.

biography

Oktoba juyin juya halin Shchusev hadu, sa'ad da yake wani Academician, a gane m tare da goma sha biyar-shekara yi. A 1910, shi ya girmama ga exceptionally kyau sakamakon lõkacin da mafi asali hanyoyin maido da Haikalin da na sha biyu karni a Ovruch (Volyn). Kuma ya aka haife shi a 1873, a Chisinau, na uku yaro a wani matalauci iyali na mai ritaya na aikin. A ikon zana bayyana sosai da wuri, da kuma ja da yaron daga wannan aiki ya kusan ba zai yiwu. Daga cikin shekaru goma sha sai ya fara karatu tare da L. N. Benua, a cikin bitar da dukkan sami cikakken horo. In mun gwada renon gaba m Shchusev, wanda aikin da aka ganin darajarsa ta high kwarewa, ya mamaki sa'a.

Canons na Rasha litattafansu da kuma National Heritage, misali, ya sanar da Farfesa Kotov, wanda Credo shi ne cewa shi ne unacceptable don suyi kwafa tarihi Monuments, shi wajibi ne don bijirar da zamani fahimta daga Rasha tsufa, da kuma na karya-Russian style - squalor. A cikin babban alama a kan saurayi sanya tsoho tsakiyar Asiya gine, musamman Samarkand, inda haifar da m Schusev Aleksey Viktorovich daki-daki, kuma a hankali ma'aunai na m Monuments na Bibi Khanum, kuma Gur-Emir. An buga wata babbar rawar a baya aiki. Alal misali, Kazansky tashar jirgin m Shchusev tsara, bisa laákari da Asiya kwarewa.

A farko ayyukansu

Shchusev Academy, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1897, bayan ya samu da diploma shiri ne mafi girma ci tare da babban samu lambar zinariya, kuma kasashen waje kasuwanci tafiya. Shi ne mai "gidan gona", wanda a yarda da shi don ciyar da kusan shekaru biyu a cikin binciken na gine-gine na Vienna, Trieste, Venice da kuma sauran birane na Belgium, Italiya, Tunisia, Faransa da kuma Ingila. Dukan wuraren da ya yi mai yawa almara, abin nuni da rahoton da aka kõma sama. I. E. Repin ya saba da wadannan ayyuka, yi farin ciki. Bayan ya dawo gida, da kuma bayan da biyayya da rahoton Alexey Shchusev, m tukuna ba tare da kwarewa, Na yi sau daya mai ban sha'awa domin. A da iconostasis a Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ɗauka cewa Cathedral wanda shi ya zama dole don tsara shirin daga karce. Talented Shchusev sun jimre da wannan aiki, kuma ya zama kamar ma cewa aikinsa ne a yanzu har abada hade tare da wuraren ibada.

A cikin watan Yuni 1904 da majalisar Krista, ya koya masa more alhakin da wuya aiki, ya aka aika zuwa Ovruch, inda dukan hunturu ya tsara wani haikali a kan kango na tunawa da goma sha biyu karni. A sakamakon haka shi da wani kyakkyawan biyar-domed coci ne gaba daya a Rasha gargajiya al'ada, amma duk sauran abubuwa da aka kunshe a cikin mahallin da haka organically cewa coci da jũna a dukan. Aikin da aka nan da nan a gane yadda daya daga cikin mafi kyau mamaki na zamani gine. Danna fara magana game da abin da Shchusev gina wani sabon neo-Russian style. Ta zo don ta daraja, amma m Shchusev, wanda biography ne cike da shi fal, har sai da mutuwa bi shi calmly da daraja kawai ba su lura.

"Marta"

A 1907, Shchusev da aka tsara Marfo-Mariinsky Convent (al'umma), duk da gine-gine. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna sayar da kayan ado domin nuna wani sadaka ma'aikata, wanda ya ba da wani sufi, amma nuns, Sisters rahama da alkawuransu da suke daidai da zuhudu. Duk da haka, bayan shekaru da suka iya samun fita daga can ba tare da rikici da coci, don fara wata iyali da kuma rayuwa a matsayin faduwa mutane.

Abin da wahayi a lokacin da zayyana tare da m tausayi ya Moscow "Marta", riga shahara m Shchusev? Veliky Novgorod ya wahayi, da Pskov Monuments - cewa wannan babban sararin bango jituwa da related kundin. Yana da matukar m idan ka kwatanta. A manyan size of sufi gine-gine duba jin dadi da kuma homely. shirin na haikali ne kama da m tsohon tsananin baƙin ciki ne ya juya zuwa yamma game da kunne, da dukan uku petals neman gabas. Saboda wadannan semicircular apse Halicci ji na ta'aziyya, saboda girma da ɓuya daga idanu, kuma wani babban drum, shugaba ta nuna yankin na Dome kammala abun da ke ciki.

Chişinău

A Kerch Street (da - Char Valley) garinsu na biyu na farko-storey gidan da m Shchusev aka gina - bada Mihaila Karchevskogo, ya classmate, sa'an nan - Dragoeva gidan, a yankunan Pushkin, kuma ƙirƙira (yanzu Bernardazzi). Kuma a 1912 aka gina shi da coci a kauyen Kuchureshty. Duk da cewa tsara da kuma gina da m Shchusev, Orthodoxy dole damu - zuwa mafi girma ko karami har, tare da wannan shafi ba kawai ga wuraren ibada. Da yawa daga baya Shchusev aka sanya wa janar makirci na sake gina dilapidated Chisinau bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin farkon matasa, kawai bayan m tsaron gida a diploma shiri, na ciyar da 'yan watanni nan Shchusev - m, wanda iyali riƙe a rayuwa da aka makala ga wannan birni. A 'yan watanni na farin ciki: ya ba kawai tsara Haikalin domin a classmate, amma kuma aure da' yar'uwarsa - Mary Vikentievna Karchevsky.

Akwai, a cikin kwarin Char a Chisinau unguwar, ya fara da sirri rai da m Shchusev, wanda aka amince tattarã daga prying duk tsawon shekaru ransa. Na'am, kuma yanzu sami data a cikin tarihinsa, ba alaka gine-gine, kusan ba zai yiwu. Monument zuwa Lenin aikinsa da aka dismantled a shekarar 1991. Ya kuma tsara da kuma wani sabon gada a kan kogin Bic, ita kuwa tana nan a sosai m, kuma rayayye shawartar m abokan aiki a ci gaba da ayyukan da maimaitawa na halakar da gine-gine na sa - da tashar jirgin kasa, shagunan, presences da kuma sauran gine-gine. Chişinău girmama ƙwaƙwalwar na sanannen countryman: titi mai suna bayan shi, a cikin gidan inda da aka haife shi da girma a gidan kayan gargajiya tare da ya na sirri mallakarmu, takardun, photos.

Fashion a kan Shchusev

Nan da nan bayan halittar Ovruch da kuma daukakar sufi Marfino ayyukan tafi bayan da m a kan duga-dugansa. Rich farauta domin shi a cikin bege, don gina wani abu a kan ƙasarsu, amma a cikin yayi schusevskogo style. Duk da haka, ya dauki mafi ban sha'awa ayyukan. A 1913, ya kasance a shirye gina zane Shchusev babban tanti Art Nunin a Venice, da abun da ke ciki na wanda ya fassara da kasa gine na goma sha bakwai karni. Kuma a hade tare da kyau Italian wasan kwaikwayo wuri mai faɗi. Sai San Remo ta m gina wani Orthodox coci, ado da dutse sassaka, fale-falen, kuma mai kararrawa hasumiyar da hipped rufin. Kristi Mai-Ceto Cathedral a San Remo, gaba ɗaya ado a cikin style of Rasha coci na goma sha bakwai karni.

Amma Kazan tashar sha'awar shi ba a lokaci daya. Duk da haka, duk sallama zuwa ga hamayya sãɓã wa jũna kamar sketchy kuma ba wahayi zuwa gare, da kuma sauran manyan gine-ginen da kuma gogaggen, ba kawai gaye Shchusev, m wanda kayayyaki sun asali, talented, amma ya zuwa yanzu 'yan. Duk da haka, an zabi zane na nan gaba na Kazan tashar, saboda jirgin yana da tabbacin cewa za su iya goyon gabashin ƙofar Moscow ba haka ba da dadewa ya m na Samarkand Shchusev. The Board ya ba kuskure.

Kazan Railway Station

Moscow Gates da Gabas - daya daga cikin mafi fasaha saurare bayani m na mai wuya aiki. Ko da mafi kyau duka launi makirci da aka samu. Kuma abin da wani m bayani don mutunci da gungu a zalla Gwargwadon gaskiya! A watan Oktoba 1911 Shchusev aka amince da matsayin shugaba m na wannan gini, wanda aka saka a kan wani shahararre Naira Miliyan Xari - uku da miliyan zinariya rubles sarauta. Details na aikin da aka yi karatu da marubucin fiye da shekaru biyu - da wannan to shi bai faru ba tukuna. The search zafi - wannan "rami" to ba cika a wani Kalanchovskoy yanki har Shchusev ba buga da wani babban ra'ayin: da tallest gini sanya a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci batu.

Kuma a sa'an nan shi taka leda dayantaka na gungu na mutane da yawa gine-gine, da sauki karanta a duba. Hasumiyar aiki a matsayin wani real rinjaye, tattara dukan biyu da ɗari mita wurare a karkashin reshe. Nasarar wannan aikin ya kasance wani daidai-kokarin haifar da shi. A mujallar "Architect", sanya shi a kan shafukan, ina aka snapped. Barka da zuba ruwan sama. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa da irin wannan babbar tsawon na tashar bai hana a cikakke ji dukan abin da aka kafa, domin shi ne musamman karye fasali, da kuma Kadaitaccen tsibirin hasumiya taimaka wajen bude duk sabon haduwa daga ko ina a yankin. Ya zuwa yanzu, gine-ginen ba su yi aiki don haka da yardar kaina yi amfani da haske da kuma inuwa da rana ta ba kawai, amma kuma zuwa enliven da dutse girgije alamu.

Diversity, kuma stylistic 'yanci

Daga Kazan Station Shchusev yi cikakken unconventional, ya juya waje, da gina birnin, amma ba kamar yadda ya saba - dan kadan wadãtar da masana'antu ko dan kadan Sauki fada ginin. The ayyuka na tashar gabatarwa ne sosai iri-irin, kuma shi ne tura zuwa da cewa ya tsara m Shchusev, m. Work, photos of wanda aka gabatar a nan a yalwace, tare da wannan m, m, free-style fassarar (a kalla a cikin manyan, ko da a cikin kananan siffofin) nuna yadda m Shchusev ba kawai multifaceted, amma a duk resourcefulness akai da kuma gaskiya kansu, su ra'ayoyi. Wannan sanatorium gini a Matsesta, kuma Moskvoretsky Bridge, da kuma Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, da kuma Opera wasan kwaikwayo a garin Tashkent, da kuma tashar "Komsomolskaya" - zobe na Moscow Metro. Just resourcefully kuma a lokaci guda tsananin canonical gina hadaddun na gine-gine na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet - hankula Rasha gungu cewa hadawa bambancin m Tsarin. Shchusev kuma ya jagoranci tawagar da gine-ginen da suka yi lissafi Moscow.

Yana da su, kuma Shchusev musamman, kamata kawo su godiya direbobi sannu a hankali motsi a cikin zirga-zirga. Domin idan suka yi ba, da motsi ba zai yiwu a matsayin irin wannan. birni tsarin da aka kafa, da kuma wuraren sufuri kusan aka ba a bayar a ko'ina kuma, musamman a yau yawa. Gine-ginen sun ƙwarai fadada duk Lines, musamman shãfe Leningradsky Prospekt, daura hanyoyi radial zobe Lines tare da tunani zuwa dogo kai. Ya kamata a lura, ya faru nan da nan bayan da juyin juya halin da kuma yakin basasa - a 1919. Hukumar rungumi dabi'ar daftarin zargi gine-ginen da bai dace da irin wannan m hanyoyi, ya kuma tituna, amma Shchusev gudanar don shawo da mambobi ne na gwamnati.

haka ma

A 1922, kamar yadda shugaban m Shchusev aka sanya wa Nunin Center, wanda ya bude a watan Agusta shekarar 1923. Sa'an nan aka gina shi a kan ƙasa na Gorky Park. Shchusev aka gina gina inji shuka a karkashin babban tanti na gida masana'antu, da kuma ya jagoranci kusan duk na yi, kuma wannan mutum ɗari biyar gine-gine. A 1924, tuni wani abu m na kasar tsunduma a cikin halittar aikin na Lenin kabarin. A karo na biyu da rabi daga cikin twenties a yawan takardun Shchusev tsara da kuma gina a cikin style of Constructivism: da Tbilisi reshe na institute na kwamitin tsakiya, da State Bank a Neglinnaya da Okhotny Ryad, Lenin Library, sanatorium a Matsesta, kuma mafi.

A musamman harka - ba GUDANAR gininsa a kan Tverskaya Tsakiya tangarahu Office, inda a mayar da martani ga zargin da irin wannan karfi da so ga constructivism Shchusev tabbatar da cewa constructivism yana da wani da hakkin rayuwa, idan ka cika shi da ruhi da kuma ta musamman muhimmancin da kari kawai taimaka don ƙarfafa harsashin ruhaniya al'ada, wanda Yana ginu ne da gine-gine kamar yadda irin wannan. A cikin sunan da gidan waya da ginin ne a fili gano ba kawai, dangane da epochs, amma wasu - kasa da kasa sadarwa shirin, wanda, bisa manufa, shi ne aka yi nufi - to connect kasashe da nahiyoyi. Dutse tsaye gilashin bel. Yalwa dakin. Monumentality. Beautiful, mesmerizing. Duk da cewa da aikin ginin ne daidai da software, tattalin arziki, tunanin mutuntaka. Yana da aka ma m ga lokaci. Wa zai zama da sauki gina da kuma zai zama daidai.

Ni murna akalla cewa ban mamaki hotel "Moscow" da aka gina, da Soviet Ofishin Jakadancin a Romania da kuma babban adadin sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, Alexey Shchusev ya jagoranci wani aiki koyarwa aiki kusan zuwa karshen rayuwa - a shekarar 1949, ya rubuta fiye da ɗari biyu kimiyya takardunku.