A na kowa alamar gymnosperms da angiosperms ne ... Alamun gymnosperms da angiosperms

Tsire-tsire ne mafi kyawun ɓangaren halittu na duniya. Idan ba tare da su ba, to babu yiwuwar wanzuwar dabbobi, namomin kaza, da mutane. Suna da bambanci, suna da bambancin bambancin jinsuna kuma suna da ban mamaki da girmansu da girma. Duk da haka, tsire-tsire ba su da irin wannan bayyanar. Bayan da ya wuce tsari mai rikitarwa na gyaran juyin halitta, sai dai mafi yawan wanda ya kasance mai tsauri, wanda ya dace ya tsara shi don daidaitawa da tsira. Babban su, wanda ke mamaye lambobi, ƙungiyoyi biyu ne. Za mu tattauna su a kasa.

Tsarin al'ada na mulkin shuka

Don tsire-tsire shi ne al'ada don komawa zuwa kwayoyin da suka dace da alamun da yawa:

• Ƙarshen girma a cikin rayuwa;
• Aiwatarwa da tsarin photosynthesis (hanya autotrophic don samun makamashi);
• Hanyar rayuwa marar hanzari;
• Ability don saki oxygen.

A yau, akwai kimanin miliyoyin wakilai daban-daban na wannan mulkin. Suna mamakin irin nau'o'in rayuwa da kuma dacewa da yanayin rayuwa. Dukansu suna rarraba zuwa ƙananan kungiyoyi da haraji.

Ƙayyadewa

An rarraba mulkin shuka ɗin zuwa manyan manyan mulkoki guda biyu: Mafi Girma da Ƙananan. Kowannensu ya haɗa da rassa da dama daban-daban:

1. Lower shuke-shuke suna wakilta algae, wanda ya kasu kashi azuzuwan. Babban bambancin su shi ne babu jikin da ya bambanta cikin gabobin.
2. Higher shuke-shuke sun dauki wadannan ƙungiyoyin: ferns, mosses, horsetails, kulob din mosses, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

A dabi'a, kowane ɗayan harajin da aka lissafa yana da raƙuman raka'a a ciki: ɗalibai, umarni, iyalai, jinsuna da jinsuna. Mafi yawan kuma an daidaita shi - angiosperms, ko flowering. Duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe bane. Da zarar lokaci daya duniya ta mamaye duniya, to - gymnosperms.

Akwai alamun gymnosperms da angiosperms, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a rarrabe su daga wasu kuma ya fahimci abin da ya sa rinjaye a kan sauran mutane. Bari mu bincika dalla-dalla daga baya.

Janar alamun gymnosperms

Wannan sashen yana da matukar ban sha'awa kuma yana da mahimmancin rayuwar rayuwar duniya. Gymnosperms suna wakiltar wasu manyan ɗalibai:

1. Fuskatu suna raye.
2. Cycadic.
3. Coniferous.
4. Bentonite
5. Ginkgoed.
6. Gnetovye.

A cikakke akwai kimanin nau'in jinsin daban daban. Wani fasalulluka na gymnosperms da angiosperms shine bayyane, a cikin siffar sunan: kasancewar zuriyar da yarinya take tasowa. Duk da haka, ana iya kiran wannan alamar bambanci, saboda iri yana cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.

Alamar alamar gymnosperms (duk ba tare da banda) ba za a iya kira ci gaba da iri a kan ma'auni mai mahimmanci. Saboda haka, yana kama da tsirara, wanda shine dalili na sunan sashen.

Har ila yau, zamu iya gano wasu siffofin da wasu wakilan gymnosperms suka mallaka:

1. Daga cikinsu akwai itatuwa kawai da shrubs, siffofin ciyawa ba su kasance ba.
2. Yawancin ganye suna canzawa a cikin suturar bakin ciki, an rufe su tare da babban cuticle.
3. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana wakiltar kwayoyin albuminoid da tubes na sieve, babu tasoshin.
4. Spermia nema, wanda iska ta motsa.
5. Tsire-tsire masu bidiyon (dioecious).
6. Hanyar hadi da ci gaba na iri yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu.
7. Harshen amfrayo yana da haɓaka a cikin wani ɓangaren chromosomes, tun lokacin da haduwa ya zama mai sauƙi.

Dabbobi na musamman a tsakanin gymnosperms an cimma su ta hanyar conifers. Sun kasance babban ɓangaren bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji na duniya. Misalan wadannan tsire-tsire sune:

• Larch;
• Fir;
• Spruce;
• Pine;
• Cedar;
• Thuja da sauransu.

Bayyanar cututtuka na ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire

Gaskiyar cewa siffar da ta dace na gymnosperms da angiosperms shine kasancewar zuriyar ya zama daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sun zama fadada. Bayan haka, an kare jikinsu ta hanyar pericarp da nama na tayin, wanda zai sa ya zama yanayi mara kyau.

Bugu da ƙari, wannan fasalin, akwai wasu muhimman abubuwan da ke da muhimmancin angiosperms:

1. Akwai tsarin sarrafawa wanda aka tsara a fili wanda ya ƙunshi jirgi.
2. Duk nau'i na rayuwa suna wakiltar su; Yawan bishiyoyi, daji da ciyawa suna ba da izini a kowane wuri.
3. Amfani shine ninki, wanda ya sa ya yiwu ya samar da endosperm na triploid. Shirin yana da sauri.
4. Rashin nakasa yana yiwuwa ba kawai tare da iska ba, amma har da kwari, dabbobi, zubar da kansu da sauransu.
5. Cif generative sashin jiki, ba wata babbar riba - a flower.

Da yake mafi ƙanƙanta cikin tsarin juyin halitta, ƙungiyar furen ta kasance ta zama mafi girma da yawa. Lambar su tana kusa da nau'in 250,000. Dukkan wannan ya yiwu ne saboda saye da kuma karfafa halayen alamun da aka bayyana.

Alamun kama da gymnosperms da angiosperms

Abinda yafi kowa na gymnosperms da angiosperms shine gaskiyar cewa basu buƙatar ruwa don haifuwa. Wannan ya bambanta su daga spore, wanda yake dogara sosai akan laima.

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya lura da cewa siffar da ta dace na gymnosperms da angiosperms shine kyakkyawar ci gaba da ganyayyaki masu ganyayyaki. Dama, ganye da tushen suna da muhimmanci a rayuwar jikin. Kamar yadda a farkon, kuma a cikin ƙungiya ta biyu, waɗannan alamomi suna da kyau sosai.

Sauran kama shi shine samar da manyan gandun daji, da kafa manyan yankuna da kuma mamaye wasu tsire-tsire a duniya. Amfani da bangarori biyu da ke da kyau ba tare da dasu ba ne haifuwa ta hanyar tsaba. Bayan haka, idan akwai nau'in, yana nufin cewa amfrayo yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci don abinci a karo na farko kafin germination. Spore ba shi da amfani irin wannan, saboda haka damar samun sauƙin rayuwa yana ragewa sosai.

Abinda aka saba da shi na gymnosperms da angiosperms shine ikon samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa. A farko shi ne kwakwalwa tare da tsaba, a na biyu - daban-daban, duka m, kuma bushe. Wannan yana iya yiwuwa rarraba tsaba tare da taimakon tsuntsaye.

Differences tsakanin gymnosperms da flowering

Bugu da kari, akwai kamance da kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin manyan sassan da shuka mulkin. Waɗannan su ne alamun gymnosperms da angiosperms, wanda ya ba mu damar rarrabe su daga juna da kuma bayyana mahimmancin nauyin wasu daga wasu.

Akwai maki da yawa:

1. Lokaci ya ɓata a kan haɗuwa da haifuwa, da samuwar sabon kwayoyin halitta.
2. Matsayi na iri akan shuka (bude ko kare).
3. Kasancewa ko babu wasu siffofin rayuwa.
4. Hanyar pollination.
5. Darajar a cikin juyin halittar dabbobi.
6. Matsayi na rayuwa a yanayi da muhimmancin mutum.

Tsarin phylogenetic gymnosperms

Idan muka magana game da asalin na gymnosperms, shi wajibi ne don koma zuwa Devonian lokaci, cewa shi ne, ya dubi game da 370 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce. A lokacin ne suka gudanar da yunkurin kawar da ferns, mosses, horsetails da mussels, wadanda suke da fifiko ga tsawon miliyoyin shekaru.

Babban dalilin wannan shi ne 'yancin kai na ruwa a cikin tsarin haifuwa da kuma samfurori. Yau, da yawa daga cikin tsofaffin nau'o'in gymnosperms sun zama bace, suna samar da tasirin wuta. Duk da haka, akwai sababbin sababbin siffofin kuma sun bayyana. Bugu da ƙari, wasu nau'in Pine, ginkgo, wanda shekarunsu suka kiyasta shekaru dubbai, ana san su.

A wani lokaci, gymnosperms sun kasa samar da kayan abinci na al'ada don dabbobi da tsuntsaye da suke ciki. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa jinsin halittu masu rarraba suka samo asali kuma suka zama mafi girma.

Phylogeny na angiosperms

Wani kamfani ne na tsire-tsire, wanda aka kwatanta da ƙarshen lokacin Jurassic. Abubuwan ci gaba, wanda muka ambata a sama, sun yarda wakilan wannan sashen su zauna a duk yankuna masu tasowa kuma su dauki matsayi mafi rinjaye.

Yana da mahimmanci cewa tare da zuwan da kuma watsawa na angiosperms, abincin dabbobi da tsuntsaye ya isa. Kuma mutum a yau ba ya wakiltar rayuwarsa ba tare da samfurorin da waɗannan tsire-tsire suke bamu ba. Hakika, duk hatsi, albarkatun kayan lambu, berries da sauransu suna furanni. Saboda haka muna bashi ranmu.

Muhimmancin muhimmancin rayuwar tsire-tsire

Idan mukayi magana game da muhimmancin sassan biyu, alamar na gymnosperms da angiosperms shine ikon aiwatar da tsarin photosynthesis kuma samar da yawan adadin oxygen don numfashin kowane abu mai rai. Dukkan shuke-shuken da ke kewaye da ita suna cikin babban yanki. Tare da aikinsu, ba wai kawai oxygen ba ne, amma kuma yana shafe carbon dioxide, yana ceton mutane daga sakamako na greenhouse. Su ma masu samar da kwayoyin halitta ne. Godiya ga tsire-tsire duk sauran halittu suna rayuwa a duniyar duniyar, sabili da haka yana da wuya a yi la'akari da rawar da suka taka cikin yanayin.