A auka na Old Rasha jihar: tarihi, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon

A auka na Old Rasha jihar ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci matakai na farkon tsakiyar zamanai. Halakar Kievan Rus 'bar wata babbar alama a cikin tarihin Eastern Slavs da kuma fadin Turai. To ba wani daidai kwanan watan farawa da karshen fragmentation ne wuya. The most kasa a duniya domin kusan 2 ƙarni rududdugaggu, nutsar a cikin jini na yakin basasa da kuma kasashen waje mamayar. A littafin "The auka na Old Rasha jihar: taƙaice" ake bukata karatu a duk tarihin sassan na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet.

A farko alamun da rikicin

A dalilan rushewar Tsohon Rasha jihar kama da Sanadin fall na iko jihohin, a tarihin duniya. Samun 'yancin kai daga cikin shugabanni na gari a kasa ya da wani ɓangare na ci gaba da kuma ci gaban feudalism. A lokacin da na fara batu za a iya daukan mutuwar Yaroslava Mudrogo. Kafin cewa Rus aka mulki da zuriyar Rurik - bako a kan Varyag ta sarautar. A tsawon lokaci, da mulki na daular Qing rufe dukkan ƙasa jihar. A kowace babbar birni perched daya ko wani daga zuriyar yarima. All su ya biya haraji ga cibiyar da kuma sadar da tawagar a hali na yaki ko kai hare-hare a kan kasashen waje asashe. A tsakiyar hukuma hadu a Kiev, wanda ya ba kawai siyasa amma kuma da cibiyar al'adu na Rasha.

raunanar da Kiev

A auka na Old Rasha jihar, ba kalla shi ne sakamakon da weakening na Kiev. Akwai sabon cinikayya hanyoyi (misali, "daga Vikings ga Helenawa"), wanda aka jingine babban birnin kasar. Har ila yau a cikin filin ne wasu sarakuna sun yi forays cikin zaman kanta makiyaya da kuma bar sata dũkiya da kanta, wanda a yarda su ci gaba autonomously daga cibiyar. Bayan rasuwar Yaroslav bayyana cewa da Rurik daular babbar, kuma kowa da kowa yana so ya samu wani riko.

Matasa 'ya'yan Grand Duke ya mutu, ya fara fama da doguwar yakin basasa. Yaroslav 'ya'yan kokarin raba tsakãninsu Rus, a karshe bar gwamnatin tsakiya. Da dama mulkoki da aka fatattakakkun da yaki. Wannan da ake amfani Polovtsy - a nomadic mutane daga kudancin matakan. Sun kai farmaki da kuma halakarwa da kan iyaka, a duk lokacin da fatar m. Da dama shugabannin yunkurin tare da hare-hare, amma ga wani wadãtar.

Duniya a Liubech

Vladimir Monomakh kira a majalisa da dukan sarakunan da a Ljubech. Babban manufar tarin an ƙoƙari na hana m aukar da adãwa da gama karkashin daya banner, don su yi yaƙi da baya da makiyaya. Duk waɗanda ba yarda. Amma a lokaci guda da aka yanke shawarar canza ciki siyasa na Rasha. Daga yanzu, kowane prince samu cikakken iko a kan dũkiyõyinsu. Ya aka kamata su shiga a cikin general kamfen da kuma daidaita su ayyuka tare da sauran mulkokin. Amma soke haraji da sauran haraji ga cibiyar.

Irin wannan yarjejeniya za su daina wani yakin basasar na jini, amma catalyzed farkon auka na Old Rasha jihar. A gaskiya ma, Kiev ya rasa da iko. Amma shi ya kasance da cibiyar al'adu na Rasha. Sauran ƙasa ya kasu kashi game da 15 States "ƙasa" (m Majiyoyi gaban 12 zuwa 17 wannan tsarin). Kusan har zuwa tsakiyar 12th karni a 9 mulkoki zaman lafiya. Kowane kursiyin zama hereditary, wanda ya rinjayi fitowan da dauloli a waɗannan ƙasashe. Tsakanin makwabta sun kasance mafi yawa dangantakar abokantaka, da kuma Prince of Kiev da aka har yanzu dauke "na farko tsakanin daidaitãwa".

Saboda haka, domin Kiev fara wani real gwagwarmaya. Da dama sarakuna iya mulki biyu a cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma gundumomi. The m canji na daban-daban dauloli jagoranci birni da kuma unguwar ƙi. Daya daga cikin na farko misalai a duniya na jamhuriyar ya Novgorod sarauta. Ga galihu manya (sintiri zuriyarsa suka karbi ƙasar) kahu da ikon zuwa muhimmanci rage rinjayar da yarima. Duk da asali yanke shawara aka sanya National Council, da kuma "shugaban" manajan sanya aiki.

mamayewa

A karshe Lalacewar Old Rasha jihar ta faru ne bayan da mamayewa na mangolawa. Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation da gudummawar da ci gaban mutum larduna. Kowane birni yana tsaye mulki ta hanyar wani basarake, wanda, a lokacin da a wurin, za a iya intelligently ware albarkatu. Wannan ya taimaka wajen inganta tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki da kuma gagarumin ci gaban al'adu. Amma a lokaci guda muhimmanci rage tsaro ikon na Rasha. Duk da Lyubechesky duniya akai-akai faruwa internecine yaki ga wannan ko sarauta. Su rayayye janyo hankalin Polovtsian kabilu.

By tsakiyar 13th karni a kan Rasha sun rataye wani mummunan barazana - mamayewa na mangolawa a gabas. By wannan mamayewa na makiyaya da aka shirya domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata. A 1223, akwai wani hari. Its manufarsa shine bincike da kuma familiarization da Rasha, sojoji da kuma al'adu. Bayan da cewa Batu Khan shirya don kai farmaki da kuma subjugate dukan Rasha. Na farko shi ne a karkashin harin su ne Ryazan ƙasar. Su mangolawa fatattakakkun for makonni da dama.

lalata

Mangolawa nasarar amfani da ciki halin da ake ciki a Rasha. Sarauta, ko da yake ba a rashin daidaito da juna, sun cikakken zaman kanta da manufofin da ba cikin sauri don taimaka juna. Kowa ya jira da shan kashi na wani makwabcin a magance wannan kansa. Amma duk abin da ya canja bayan da cikakken halakar dama birane Ryazanschine. Mangolawa amfani da dabara na hare-hare a fadin jihar. Just hari dauki bangare daga 300 zuwa dubu 500, mutane (ciki har da sojoji, ya] auki daga ci da yaki mutane). Duk da yake Rasha iya sa ba fiye da 100 mutane dubu daga dukkan mulkoki. Slavic sojojin da magabaci a cikin makamai da kuma dabara. Duk da haka, mangolawa kokarin kauce wa fadace-fadace suka kafa sansaninsu da kuma fi son sauri mamaki harin. The magabaci na lambobin sanya shi yiwuwa a kewaye da manyan birane daga kusurwoyi mabambanta.

juriya

Duk da hulda da sojojin na 5 zuwa 1, Russ ya ba da m juriya ga invaders. Mongol asarar sun yafi hakan, amma da sauri a bayansa da a kudi na fursunoni. A auka na Old Rasha jihar da aka dakatar saboda da bunqasar daga cikin sarakunan da barazana da total halaka. Amma ya yi latti. Mangolawa hanzari ci gaba a cikin Rasha, ruining daya rabo a lokaci guda. A cikin shekaru 3 200,000th sojojin Batu Khan ya tsaya a ƙofofin Kiev. Brave Rassi kare da cibiyar al'adu har kwanan nan, amma mangolawa kasance a sau more. Ya aka ƙone da kuma gaba daya hallaka bayan da kama birnin. Saboda haka, karshen hada da hujjojin da na Rasha ƙasashe - Kiev - daina wasa da muhimmancin a cibiyar al'adu. A daidai wannan lokaci da muka fara da hare-hare na Lithuanian kabilu da kuma yin yawo Katolika Jamus Order. Rasha daina wanzuwa.

A sakamakon rushewar da Old Rasha jihar

By karshen 13th karni kusan dukan ƙasashen Rasha sun karkashin mulkin sauran al'umma. Zolotaya Orda mulki a gabas, Lithuania da kuma Poland - a kasashen yamma. A dalilan rushewar Tsohon Rasha jihar ƙarya a cikin fragmentation da kuma rashin daidaituwa tsakanin shugabanninmu, kazalika da ya fi karfinsu waje siyasa halin da ake ciki. Halakar jihar da kuma zaman karkashin waje zalunci catalyzed sha'awar maida kuɗi da hadin kai na duk Rasha asashe. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar na iko mulkin Moscow, sa'an nan da Rasha Empire.