Ƙarfe bond

A samuwar sinadaran bonding electron yawa, wanda asali su ne daban-daban kwayoyin halitta, suna sake rabawa a cikin sarari. Kadan karfi da hulda tare da waje core-matakin electrons. Dõmin sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar sinadaran shaidu. A electrons da cewa suna da hannu a cikin wannan tsari, an kira valence. Amma ita tana da wani sinadaran bond - valence. A p- kuma s-aka gyara su ne waje valence electrons a d-abubuwa - karshe (na waje) s- penultimate da d-electrons. Akwai kwayoyin halitta fiye ko žasa barga. A karshen hada da wadanda m Layer wanda ya ƙunshi matsakaicin yawan electrons (biyu da takwas). Wannan matakin ne dauke da cikakken. Gama matakan da ake halin mafi girma da ƙarfi. Suna halin sunadaran daraja gas, dangane da wanda karkashin al'ada yanayi na hãlãyensu ne monatomic inert gas.

Ga wasu atomic abubuwa halayyar da ba a kare ba matakan. A cikin shakka daga wani sinadaran dauki auku kammala matakan da waje dabi'u. Wadannan kai, ko tasiri, ko Bugu da kari na electrons. Gamawa matakan za a iya raba da kuma kafa nau'i-nau'i. Wadannan hanyoyin taimakawa ga samuwar na biyu manyan iri sadarwar: ionic da covalent. A cikin samuwar kwayoyin, game da shi, sunadaran kokarin saya a barga electron harsashi (m) ko vosmielektronnuyu ko biyu-electron. Wannan abin kwaikwaya ne tushen ka'idar da samuwar sinadaran shaidu. samuwar ta kammala valence na cikin matsanancin Layer a cikin Game da kwayoyin halitta yana tare da a saki gagarumin yawa na makamashi. Da samuwar sinadaran bonding, a cikin wasu kalmomi, ko da yaushe fitowa exothermically, saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin bayyana (sabon barbashi), wanda da mafi kwanciyar hankali a karkashin al'ada yanayi.

Kamar yadda daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Manuniya cewa sanin da yanayin sadarwar, ya aikata electronegativity. Shi ne da ikon zarra don jawo hankalin electrons da sauran kwayoyin halitta. Electronegativity canji yakan faru a hankali. Saboda haka, a lokacin da tsarin darajar wannan index ƙaruwa daga hagu zuwa dama. Rage guda dabi'u na faruwa a kungiyoyin zuwa ƙasa. By covalent mahadi hada da samuwar ta kafa wani dauri (total) electron nau'i-nau'i.

akwai wani ƙarfe sinadaran shaidu a cikin ruwa, m, a karafa. Bisa ga matsayi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, da abubuwa a cikin tambaya kwayoyin halitta da kananan adadin da valence electrons (daya zuwa uku). Bugu da kari, su lura, da kuma low makamashi "electron detachment" (ionization). Saboda haka, ƙarfe bond - shi ne mai rauni connection. A electrons a zarra suna gudanar weakly, zo kashe quite sauƙi, yayin da ciwon da damar matsawa kusa da crystal. A ƙarfe bond ya shafi kasancewa kwayoyin halitta. Sashe na daga cikin valence electrons baiwa da damar for free motsi a cikin crystal raga, samar da "electron gas". Tare da taimakon wani ƙarfe bond aka kafa. Akwai shi saboda "socialization" valence electrons da kwayoyin halitta. Ya kamata a lura cewa da karfe bond yana da halaye. Saboda haka, kafa ta electrons ne iya motsa ko'ina cikin girma rabi. A wannan batun, da karafa saya da wani yawan halayyar fasali. A musamman, wadannan sun hada da luster, mai kyau lantarki watsin, thermal watsin, ductility, malleability, da sauransu. Metal abubuwa a sadarwar samar da wani gwada da high tsirar.