Yars rocket: bayani dalla-dalla da hotuna. Intercontinental ballistic makami mai linzami

Amma bari mu bincika RS-24 "yars" - Rasha m man fetur intercontinental ballistic harsashi silo da kuma mobile masauki, sanye take raba manyan kashi?

An ci gaba da Moscow Cibiyar thermal Engineering karkashin iko da Yu S. Sulaiman (Academician). Kullum roka "yars" shi ne wani updated version na makami mai linzami "Topol-M". Dabara da kuma fasaha description na yi aka ba bayyana. A nan gaba, an shirya cewa ya kamata a maye gurbin RS-20 da kuma RS-18 ICBMs kuma, guda biyu tare da "Topol-M" kafa tushen da Strategic harsashi Forces birged.

labarin

Shin, ba ka san cewa a ballistic harsashi "yars" yana da matukar ban sha'awa tarihi? Za mu yi nazarin shi a yanzu.

A shekara ta 2007, a ranar 29 ga Mayu a shafin "Plesetsk" jajirce farko gwajin kaddamar da wadannan makamai. Suka samu nasarar bugi manufa a shafin "Kura".

Kuma a ranar 25 ga Disamba guda iyaka da aka gudanar na biyu gwajin da RS-24.

The uku nunawa roka jefa tare da wannan hanya a matsayin gabata ƙanananku, da aka yi a shekara ta 2008 a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba.

A kan lokaci na ƙarshe ne na hukuma gwaje intercontinental makami mai linzami RS-24 "yars" ruwaito sosai daban-daban bayanai idan aka rubuta a cikin jaridu game da su kammala a 2010, shi ne a manyan zanen na shigarwa ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwaje-gwaje sun ƙare a karshe watanni na shekara ta 2009. Wata kila wannan shi ne saboda da unequal sharuddan na ainihin karshe gwamnatin gwaji shirin da deadlines ga gyara na gano lokacin da gwajin lura.

tura

Roka "yars" da aka aiwatar RVSN (Strategic roka Forces), da Rasha soja-masana'antu hadaddun a shekarar 2009. Ya na farko bataliya na soja makami mai linzami mobile tsarin sanye take da shugaban gaßoßi sassa. Gaskiyar cewa kungiyar na farko lissafi na RS-24 da aka hukuma da ya tabbatar a cikin watan Yuli 2010, V. A. Popovkinym - Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro.

Na biyu bataliya tare da wani roka gabatarwa a watan Disamba 2010, ya fara kai gwaji fama wajibi a Ivanovo yankin (Teykovsky makami mai linzami division). Saboda haka, intercontinental ballistic harsashi "yars" An dauke da makamai na farko rajimanti, wanda dauka a kan agogon, a 2011, a kan Maris 4, kunsha na biyu battalions na RS-24, dauke da kan wajibi tun 2010.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa na farko da makami mai linzami sojoji, da makamai PGRK "yars" a Teykovsky makami mai linzami naúrar ya bazara na shekarar 2011 da aka kammala cikakken (uku rarrabu, tara AAP). A shekarar 2011, a kan Disamba 7, a cikin wannan bataliya ta fara gudanar da wani gwaji fama wajibi a karo na biyu sojojin, wanda kunshi daya makami mai linzami bataliya da regimental mobile umurnin post (Pep).

Biyu Brigade na wannan rajimanti fara sabis a watan Disamba 2011. A sakamakon haka, ta 2012 adadin shigar MS-24 isa 15 APU da roka. By Satumba 2012 naúrar dauke da makamai mobile "Yarsami". A total number of AAP RS-24 "Yars" yanzu daidaita 18 (shida rarrabuwa da kuma biyu shiryayye).

A karshen shekarar 2012 da makami mai linzami "yars" ya bayyana a cikin Kozelsk, kuma Novosibirsk harsashi mahadi (Kaluga yankin, nawa version na hadaddun). A shekarar 2013, an cikakken sake sanye take da makami mai linzami regiments na Tagil. Irkutsk makami mai linzami division ma samu wani sabon makami.

Intercontinental makami mai linzami "yars" da aka kaddamar da dare daga cosmodrome "Plesetsk" a shekara ta 2013 daga 24 zuwa 25 ga watan Disamba. Testing tafi da kyau. Battle na dako buga hari a kan Kamchatka Larabawa.

Af, a cikin adadin 33 guda na roka "yars", tare da hudu warheads kowane, ta kasance a cikin makamai da Strategic harsashi Forces ta farkon 2014.

Bugu da ari, a 2014, 14 Afrilu, a 10:40 GMT tare da maneuverable triggering na'urar da aka located a cosmodrome "Plesetsk", da ƙaddamar da aka aikata "yars" makami mai linzami sanye take da wani shugaban raba kashi. A yakin da aka za'ayi a gwada makamai kerarre a Votkinsk (iko da kuma gwajin jerin). Ganin cewa hukuma kafofin ruwaito cewa taron ayyuka da aka cikakken aiwatar.

A Disamba 26 a 11:02 GMT tare da "Plesetsk" makami mai linzami ƙasa-tushen mirgina shi aka fara. Training dako iya buga hari a kan Kamchatka site "Kura".

Features "yars"

Kuma duk da haka, abin da "yars" (roka)? da halaye masu ban sha'awa sosai. Wannan dako ne a uku-mataki m man fetur ICBM sauki sallama. Yana da aka halitta a kan nuna na karni a hadin gwiwa Rasha kamfanoni.

RS-24 "yars" The roka ba kama ta kai tsaye m - makami mai linzami "Topol-M" RS-12M1 / RS-12M2, wanda shi ne na babban version na RS-12m "Topol": yana da wani zamani tsarin gudanar da wani shugaban rabo.

Ballistic makami mai linzami "Yars» siffofi m jagorancin rabo (MS) da kuma na sirri interferences tubalan (MIRV). A "Topol-M" sanye take monobloc MS (gwada maneuvering kuma m MS). Zai yiwu ta 2020 da jummai RS-12m - RS-24 ICBM zama guda category haske a cikin keken da kuma mobile-tushen versions. Wannan wani zaɓi ne domin dalilai na tattalin arziki domin an barata.

A karshe shekaru goma na karshe karni

A cikin karni na ƙarshe a cikin 80-90s Strategic harsashi ICBM dauke da makamai biyar nau'ukan haske aji da su versions. Wadannan sun hada da m-man fetur da kuma ruwa-man fetur makamai masu linzami.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa aiki halin kaka ne sosai ƙananan daidaita raka'a guda nuna alama ga sa na model na haske-aji ICBMs. Amma a wasu madaidaci m ga inganci na karshen "yars".

Alal misali, ruwa SS-18B kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da PC 24 daukawa mafi m MIRV. Ta fada kayan aiki da kuma yanzu inganta. A raba topic ne dauke su wani ICBM survivability, tare da kasa bada hanya zuwa akalla jirgin kasa.

Idan akai la'akari da sama facts, kazalika da bukatar a kula da parity kafa warheads da su dako (bisa ga yarjejeniyar da dabarun m makamai), tun daga shekarar 2009, aikin ne underway a kan ci gaban da m nauyi ruwa ICBM category maimakon na RS-20B ( "Voivod"). A general, domin Rasha za ta zauna ita da wani bude tambaya game da dawowar ajiyar ketare da kuma zabin da ICBM RS-22V.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa an ICBM yawan aiki Manuniya a haɗe siyasa mahada - da "tseren" na dabarun da makamai, wanda qaddamar da matakan kare kan makaman nukiliya hari - makami mai linzami tsaron gida (BMD). A Amurka a 2002, kare da kwangila a kan rage makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin da 1972. Wannan kasa Halicci sabon alamar makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin, ciki har da segments a Turai. A tsarin da aka aiwatar a shekarar 1991. Halittar America ta kasa makami mai linzami tsaron da bin doka dai da a 1999 gudanar na farko gwajin na ta abubuwa.

"Yars"

Ci gaba da kara bayyana abin da ya ƙunshi "Yars" (roka). da halaye na kirki da hankali. A tallafi na dako a wani ginawa-up na makami mai linzami kare wurare ya yiwu ne da Amirka, kamar yadda ya kare a shekarar 2009. A lokacin da inganci na Start-1 yarjejeniyar, wanda a yarda da ci gaban ICBMs tare da wani daya-yanki manyan part.

Kuma abin da ya sanya na biyu asymmetric Rasha mayar da martani ga Amurka himma a kan makami mai linzami tsaron gida? Roka "yars" airspeed ya sosai tasiri. Bugu da kari, shi buga wani babban zaman lafiyar a lokacin da nassi ta hanyar da oda da alkawarin da Amurka makami mai linzami tsaron gida tsarin. Kuma har yanzu a kan shi ba ya da tasiri cikin abubuwan da shafi nukiliya fashewar (PFYAV).

Kwararru da yawa suna jayayya da cewa makami mai linzami "yars-M" yana ƙwarai halaye. Saboda haka, aiki yankin na yanayin da makamai da rage. Yanzu-yanzu gudun sa na samar da wani da ya fi dacewa cajin gaurayawan na m man fetur roka propulsion Motors (SRM). Shell a farkon shirin zai iya yi da rawar daji. Wajibi ne a shiga cikin hare hare da makami mai linzami nukiliya fashewa girgije.

Sha'awa, da "yars", da bambanci ga baya RS-12m da aka yi amfani da ba amsa kiran iko electromagnetic hatsaisai shiriya tsarin. A general, sabuwar gidaje counter (PCB) BMD rage yiwuwar kama da wani abu na sashen.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa manufofin hornblende-PCB ba za a iya bambanta daga soja raka'a a yankin na electromagnetic vibrosoundtouch. Amfani da wadannan sigogi iya ƙirƙira kusan kowane ance a kan tushen exoatmospheric, da kuma tsawwala da dõgẽwa yankin waje tazara ragewa reshe hanyoyi na motsi daga cikin manyan rabo.

Ga karo na farko amfani da karya ne hari tare da superhigh ƙuduri da ikon watsi radar. CSR nufin dõmin karkatarwa da sigogi na iyaye zone, Ya sanya daga radar mamaye harsashi, da janareto tsauri tsangwama, aerosols, wanda ababen infrared radiation, da sauransu.

Description na ayyuka

To, mai yiwuwa, mutane da yawa masu karatu sun gamsu da cewa makami mai linzami "yars-M" yana da manyan halaye? Za mu ci gaba da mai zurfi nazarin wannan ban mamaki zane! An sani cewa layout makirci na wannan makamin, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da RS-12m da aka ba su canja ba. Its sanye take da wani m propellant majibincin tselnomotannym jiki irin "rafta", Ya sanya daga kumshin kayan.

roka gudun "yars" kyawawan m. A bambanci ta zuwa ga 'Topol' m, a mataki na farko na jummai ba sanye take da wani raga da nata irin stabilizer da rada. Jirgin ne sarrafawa a cikin aiki zamani juya dan kadan recessed bututun ƙarfe gina a kan tushen da wani na roba hinjis, wanda deflects da dirka vector na engine (a duk matakai).

Rasha roka "Yars" sanye take da bututun ƙarfe raka'a, wanda aka sanya na carbon-carbon kayan. A bututun ƙarfe abun da ake sakawa na wadannan makamai ne bisa uku-girma daidaitacce karfafa carbon-carbon matrix.

Da makami mai linzami da aka sanye take da wani inertial kula da tsarin. A hadaddun tawagar high-gudun na'urorin Hydrostabilized dandali (GSP) ya inganta daidaito sigogi. Da sabuwar dijital sarrafa kwamfuta upland hadaddun (ODCC) yana wani ƙara iya aiki da kuma juriya ga PFYAV.

Af, intercontinental ballistic harsashi RS-24 "yars" sighting an tabbatar da aiwatar da wani m azimuth ganewa iko naúrar, located a kan GSP. Wannan aiki da aka yi da ƙasa umurnin na'urorin hadaddun, wanda aka located a kan jefa canisters yi nufi ga harkokin sufuri (TPK).

Roka "Yars-M" da aka overestimated a kwatanta da prototypes, amfani da aikace-aikacen kudi na fissile abu. Tarihi da manyan reshe ne na farko a Rasha yi da makamai, wanda aka sanya a kan MBR ba tare da gwaji na sassa da aka gyara a nukiliya fashe.

By misalin tare da yin amfani da RS-12m makami mai linzami RS-24, RS-12M1 (2) ga mobile kuma ga tsit faruwa dangane da hanyoyin yin amfani da TPK. Fara a cikin wadannan biyu lokuta ne a turmi: wani tsari matsa lamba janareto sarrafa foda (kushin).

Ya kamata a lura da cewa, saboda da daban-daban aiki yanayi roka tsit da kuma mobile versions, kazalika da zargin daban-daban dokoki na kariya da PFYAV, duniya daidaituwa da makamai masu linzami da kuma TPK gaza cimma. Sai da na ɗauki wani fasali mai bambancin albarkatun da ake bukata ga fitar da lura da WPK da ganga. Alal misali, don a shaft version na da makami mai linzami a jefa amfani pallet kare SPRM mataki na farko na karawa da mai gas matsa lamba. A tire aka ba da ake bukata domin mobile version, saboda matsin lamba da yawa a ƙananan. Saboda da peculiarities na mine kuma nauyi gazawa ga makami mai linzami-tushen version amfani da dama tsarin kayan TPK.

Wadannan tebur nuna mafi muhimmanci sigogi.

	MS-12M1 (2)	RS-24
Number of saukarwa	3	3
Matsakaicin nesa daga jirgin, km	10500
Matsakaicin fara nauyi, t	47.1
Active ikon cajin naúrar Mm	0,55	0,15, 0.3
A taro na manyan rabo, da cewa shi ne,	1.2	1.2-1.3
Girma, m
tsawon	22,7
A diamita na farko cladding Layer, m	1,86	1,86
A diamita na biyu cladding Layer, m	1,61
A diamita na uku cladding Layer, m	1,58	1,58
CWE, m	200-350

"Yars" The makami mai linzami iya fariya asali garanti lokaci na ajiya, wanda ya shekara goma sha biyar da haihuwa.

gwajin

Ka fitar da siffa abin da "yars" - wani roka? ta gwajin da aka za'ayi a 2014 a kan Disamba 26 a cosmodrome "Plesetsk" a 11:00 GMT. Nasara jefa sharhi Kanar Egorov Igor, ofishin Kwamishinan latsa sabis na ma'aikatar tsaron kan makami mai linzami sojojin.

Ya ce cewa makami mai linzami "yars-24" ya iya yi duk da ayyuka, "koyo aiki raka'a buga hari a kan Kamchatka site" Kura "tare da wani ba daidaito."

Egorov lura da cewa ciyar da gwaji ya tabbatar da fasaha ƙarfi daga cikin zargin halitta a 2013-2014, kazalika da sarrafawa da kuma fama sigogi na hadaddun.

IDB

Mene ne MBR? Wannan intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami da "kasa-kasa", wanda za a iya shawo kan 5500 km. Zargin da irin wannan yawanci sanye take da fama nukiliya sassa. Suna amfani domin lalata maƙiyi yana kokarin muhimmanci abubuwa sanya a kan m nahiyoyi.

popularization

Farko a duniya ballistic harsashi R-7 da aka samu nasarar gwada a cikin Tarayyar Soviet 21 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1957. Dauki shi soma a shekara ta 1960. American ICBM SM-65 Atlas nasarar wuce da gwaje-gwaje a cikin shekarar 1958. Ta bayyana a cikin sojojin a shekara ta 1959 (a shekara baya fiye da P-70). Yau, ICBM m sojojin Rasha, Birtaniya, Amurka, China da kuma Faransa.

Isra'ila kan batun ta Holdings na da irin wannan cajin haka wannan siyasa kamar yadda a cikin batun na mallaki makaman nukiliya - ba ya ƙaryata, kuma bã ya tabbatar da kasancewar a kan karkararta. A gaskiya, wannan jiha ta kawar da biyu amfani da halin da ake ciki: da duniya al'ada ga iko da makami mai linzami fasahar rarraba ba shiga, amma rike da tashin hankali kasashen makwabta game da nasu real yiwuwa.

Ne masu tasowa nasu ICBMs Korea ta Arewa, India da Pakistan.

Afirka ta Kudu, da so zuwa adawa da tarayyar Soviet da kuma kasashen turai a 1980s halitta IDB RSA-3 (goyan bayan Isra'ila), amma bayan rushewar mulkin wariyar launin fata tsarin mulki ya ba su riƙi da shi a kan jirgin.

Events na duniya na biyu

Sha'awa, da farko za a fara aiki a kan halittar wani ICBM Nazi Jamus. Wernher von Braun a lokacin rani na shekara 1942 ya jagoranci kaddamar da aikin "America", godiya ga wanda da makami mai linzami dole A9 / A10 da za a halitta. Masana sun ɓullo da wani biyu-mataki cajin ga ruwa man fetur da yin la'akari da wani mutum ɗari tons, iya yin wani jirgin zuwa nesa na 5,000 km.

An sani cewa yanzu rarrabuwa na A9 / A10 ƙa'ida nufin da zargin talakawan nesa. Amma shi da aka ɓullo da matsayin intercontinental warhead iya bugawa da Amurka Gabas Coast. A zahiri da A9 / A10, duk da haka, ya ba da wani ballistic harsashi, kamar yadda aka sanye take da wani saman cruise mataki, a zahiri shine bayyana a matsayin winged supersonic makami.

Shiriya na cajin a farko da kuma tsakiyar tace faru via tashoshin. Suka aika a gaba ga manufa da kuma matukin jirgin a kunne a lokacin da ya dace, a wasan karshe. The mutum yayi irin wannan muhimmanci manufa, jim kadan kafin burin barin wani karamin gida a kan wani laima kuma zauna a farfajiya na Atlantic Ocean bayan wani sarari sanya suborbital jirgin.

Wasu kafofin bayar da rahoton cewa gwaje-gwaje a cikin tsarin na halittar A9 / A10 da aka gudanar a ranar 8 da kuma 24 Janairu 1945, amma a yaƙi ba lallai ba ne su yi amfani da.

Sauran kafofin ce cewa shirin na aikin taba cigaban kara almara (mafi plausibly). Af, da Jamus underestimated da intricacy na gliding jirgin a supersonic gudun, mai yiwuwa dalilin da ya sa A9 / A10 tsarin iya taba aiki.

Bayan da shan kashi na Jamus, da Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet da karkararta dauka wa babban adadin takardun, gwani da kuma kayan tushe ga roka da bincike.

injuna

Yanzu dauki wani lokacin zuwa injuna. A farko version na MBR aka sarrafa ruwa roka injuna: kafin fara suka yi ƙara yawan man fetur ko abin wuta propellant sosai dogon lokaci. Shirya shigar da jirgin ya dauki sa'o'i da dama, amma ana gyara da aka yi a cikin wani al'amari na minti. Don amfani da cryogenic gyara (R-7) kaddamar da hadadden na'urorin ne sosai amfani da tsauraran matakan.

Duk wadannan nuances ake muhimmanci iyakance cikin dabarun darajar wannan makami. Yau ICBM amfani da injuna na aiki ko m man fetur ko ruwa high-ruwan feedstock da ampulizirovannoy miya.

Da wannan makami factory kaya a cikin kai da kuma jefa akwati da kuma isa zuwa ga abokin ciniki. Saboda haka, roka a ajiya, a lokacin rayuwa na a shirye don fara. Liquid zargin da jefa hadaddun aka tsĩrar da nezapravlennom jihar. Su allura man fetur bayan da kafuwa TPK tare da cajin a PU. Next makami iya zama a wani fama-shirye jiha domin shekaru masu yawa. Shiri ga jirgin daukan kasa da 'yan mintoci, kuma aka yi mugun ta USB da kuma tashoshin rediyo daga m umurnin cibiyar. Haka kuma an za'ayi, kuma yau da kullum da gwaji PU Na roka tsarin.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa yanzu IDB, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da babu wajen tilasta makiya makami mai linzami. Sun iya kunshi kawai na maneuvering warheads, yana nufin inda kodayaushe radar jammers, decoys, da sauransu.