Yara da Catherine Mai girma. The Board da sirri rai na Catherine mai girma

Rasha Empress Catherine II, kuma aka sani da Great, ya ci sarauta daga 1762, shekarar 1796-th. Own kokarin ta ya muhimmanci kumbura da Rasha Empire, ya muhimmanci inganta da tsarin gudanar da vigorously bi a siyasa na Westernization, yana nufin aiwatar da miƙa mulki ga Western ra'ayoyi da kuma hadisai. A cikin kwanaki na Catherine mai girma ta Rasha ya zama m manyan kasar. Yana iya gasa tare da manyan kasashe na Turai da kuma Asiya.

} Ananan yara, na gaba mai Empress

Catherine II, haife Sophia Friederike Auguste, an haife ni a Afrilu 21, 1729, a wani karamin Jamus sarauta a birnin Stettin, Prussia (yanzu Shetsin, Poland). Mahaifinta Kirista Agusta na Anhalt-Zerbst ya basarake daga cikin kankanin ikon mallakar. Soja aiki ya yi a Frederick William da farko.

Uwar Catherine - Princess Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp. A yarinya ta iyaye aka fatan bayyanar wani mataimaki, sabili da haka bai nuna musamman so ga 'yarsa. A maimakon haka, su ne mafi yawan lokaci, da makamashi kishin dansa William, wanda, da rashin alheri, ya mutu daga baya a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu.

Ilimi da kuma kusanci zuwa ga governess

Kamar yadda wani yaro, nan gaba Catherine II ya sosai kusa da ita governess Babette. Daga bisani, Empress ko da yaushe warmly game da ita. Ilimi 'yan mata kunshi wadanda batutuwa da cewa ta bukata a kan matsayi da kuma asali. Shi ne addini (Lutheranism), tarihi, Faransa, Jamus da kuma ko da Rasha, wanda shi ne da amfani sosai daga baya. Kuma, ba shakka, music.

Saboda haka ya ciyar da ita da yara Ekaterina Velikaya. A takaice kwatanta ta shekaru na zama a gida, za mu iya cewa babu wani abu sabon abu game da yarinya iya ba sun faru. Rayuwa girma Catherine jũna sosai m, kuma ta bai sani ba sai da cewa a gaban ta jiran wani m kasada - mai tafiya zuwa nisa gefen tsananin.

Isa a Rasha, ko farkon rayuwar iyali

Da zarar Catherine girma, mahaifiyarta gani a 'yarta ta tafi nufi da zamantakewa tsani da kuma inganta halin da ake ciki a cikin iyali. Ta yi mai yawa zumunta, kuma ya taimaka wa yi cikakken bincike na dace ango. A lokaci guda Catherine mai girma ta rayuwa ya kasance haka monotonous cewa ta ga a cikin game aure kyau kwarai wajen kubuta daga cikin uwa tasa ta iko.

Lokacin da Catherine ya goma sha biyar, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna gayyace ta a Rasha, don haka ta iya zama matar da magaji a kan karaga - Grand Duke Peter III. Ya kasance m da obnoxious matasa na goma sha shida. Da zaran ta zo don ta Rasha, ta nan da nan, rashin lafiyar da pleurisy, wanda ta kusan mutuwa.

Elizabeth tsira godiya ga m zub da jini, wanda ya nace Elizaveta Petrovna. Amma mahaifiyarta ya yi gāba da wannan harakar, kuma saboda cewa ya fadi a cikin kunya ga Empress. Duk da haka, da zaran Catherine gano da kuma dauki Orthodox bangaskiya, duk da mahaifinsa shike - Lutheran Devotional, ta yi aure da matasa yarima. Kuma tare da sabon addini ta samu wani sunan - Katherine. Duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a 1745, da kuma cewa shi ne yadda labarin Catherine mai girma ya fara.

Shekaru na iyali, ko a matsayin ma'aurata wasa tare da yara sojoji

Zama na ashirin da daya memba na sarauta iyali a watan Agusta, Catherine fara sa title na Princess. Amma ta aure juya ta zama quite m. Husband na Catherine Great an m saurayi wanda, maimakon kashe lokaci tare da matarsa, fĩfĩta yi wasa tare da yara da sojoji. A nan gaba Empress shafe lokaci nishadi kanka a cikin wasu kawai na masha'a, karanta.

Count Andrei Shuvalov, wanda aka Chamberlain Catherine, na san da memoirist James Boswell, kuma ya sanar da count m cikakken bayani game da rayuwa na monarch. Wasu daga cikin wadannan jita-jita, dauke da bayanai da da ewa ba bayan aure Bitrus ya ya farka Elizabeth Vorontsova. Amma kuma Catherine bayan da ya ba da bashi. Ta aka gani a dangantakar da Sergei Saltykov, Grigoriem Orlovym, Stanislavom Ponyatovskim da sauransu.

Bayyanar da dogon-jiran magaji

Sai da na ɗauki shekaru da dama kafin nan gaba empress haifi wani mataimaki. Dan Catherine girma, Paul, an haife shi a ran ashirin Satumba 1754. Ubanci na yaro ya kasance batun m muhawara. Akwai masana kimiyya da dama suka yi ĩmãni, cewa a gaskiya yaron ta uba - ba mijinta na Catherine Mai girma, da kuma Sergei Saltykov - Rasha bafadan da kuma memba na kotu. Wasu jãyayya da cewa baby kama Bitrus, wanda shi ne mahaifinsa.

A cikin wani hali, Catherine da bãbu wani lokaci domin farinsa, kuma nan da nan Elizaveta Petrovna dauki shi zuwa ga tarbiyyar. Duk da cewa auren ya kasance m, shi ba overshadowed da ilimi da siyasa da bukatun Catherine. Bright matasa mace ta ci gaba da karanta mai yawa, musamman a Faransa. Ta ƙaunar litattafan, kwaikwaiyo da waqe-waqe, amma ya fi sha'awar a cikin ayyukansu daga cikin manyan Figures na Faransa haske kamar Diderot, Voltaire, kuma Montesquieu.

Ba da da ewa, Catherine ta yi ciki a karo na biyu yaro, Anna, wanda zai zama kawai hudu watanni. Yara da Catherine girma, saboda jita-jita game da alfãsha daga nan gaba empress bai sa Peter III na dumi ji. Mutumin shakkar cewa ya kasance da nazarin halittu mahaifinsa. Hakika, Catherine i irin zargin da mata da kuma fifita su ciyar mafi yawan lokaci a cikin ta boudoir, to ɓuya daga obnoxious hali.

A mataki daya daga cikin kursiyin

Bayan rasuwar Empress Elizabeth, wanda ya mutu ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1761, Catherine ta miji nasara a kan karaga, ya zama Peter III, yayin da Catherine kanta ya samu title of Empress. Amma da biyu har yanzu rayu dabam. A Empress da kõme ba su yi tare da hukumar. Bitrus yana a fili m ga matarsa. Ya yi mulki a jihar da su mistresses.

Amma Ekaterina Velikaya wani sosai m mace da babban iyawa ta hankali. Ta yi fatan cewa, a cikin lokaci duk wannan zai zo iko da sarauta Rasha. Ba kamar mijinta Catherine kokarin nuna su biyayya ga jihar da kuma Orthodox bangaskiya. Kamar yadda ta daidai zaci shi taimaka mata ta ba kawai ya faru a kan kursiyin, amma kuma ya amince da zama dole goyon bayan da Rasha mutane.

Ƙulla makirci a kansa matarsa

Bayan 'yan watanni da sarautar Bitrus da uku gudanar a samu wani gungu na makiya a cikin gwamnati a tsakanin soja da kuma musamman da shugabannin coci. A cikin dare na Yuni 28, 1762 Ekaterina Velikaya ya shirya makirci da ta lover, Grigori Orlov, ya bar gidan sarauta, kuma ya tafi zuwa ga Izmailovo rajimanti, wanda jawabi da sojoji tare da wani jawabin da ya tambayi don kare ta daga matarsa.

Kuma haka dai aka ƙulla makirci a Peter III. Sarauta aka tilasta hannu a daftarin aiki na abdication, da kuma a kan mulkin Catherine mai girma ta dan Paul. Lokacin da shi kuma Empress ya zama kamar regent zuwa tsufa. Kuma Peter jim kadan bayan da aka kama aka maƙare da kansa gadi. Zai yiwu shi Ekaterina umurce su da su yi kisan kai, amma shaida na ta da laifi ba.

mafarkai zo gaskiya

Tun wannan lokacin zamanin mulkin Catherine Mai girma. A farkon shekaru yana biya a kalla lokaci don tabbatar da taurin matsayinsa a kan kursiyin. Catherine cike da sanin cewa akwai mutanen da suka yi la'akari da shi a usurper wanda kãma wani waje iko. Saboda haka, yana rayayye yi amfani da 'yar alamar damar lashe ni'imar da tsada da kuma soja.

Amma ga kasashen waje da manufofin, Catherine da Great san cewa Rasha yana bukatar wani dogon lokaci na zaman lafiya domin su mayar da hankali a kan batutuwa na cikin gida. Kuma wannan duniya zai iya kawai za a samu ta hanyar hankali da kasashen waje da manufofin. Kuma a gudanar da shi daga Ekaterina zaba Count Nikita Panin, wanda aka sosai, masani a al'amura na kula da harkokin waje.

Asalin {sirri rayuwa Catherine

Hoto na Catherine mai girma ya nuna mana ta a matsayin mace quite kyau-neman, kuma ba a duk abin mamaki bane cewa Empress ta sirri rai ya kasance sosai bambancin.

Catherine iya ba sake yin wani ba, domin shi zai lahanta ta matsayi.

Kamar yadda mafi masu bincike, da labarin na Catherine Babba tana game da dozin masoya, ta sau da yawa wadãtu daban-daban kyauta, yiwa lakabi domin ya lashe su ni'imar.

Favorites, ko yadda za a tabbatar da su tsufa

Bayan wani al'amari tare da Catherine shawara Grigoriem Aleksandrovichem Potemkinym ƙare, kamar yadda ya faru a 1776, da Empress ya zaɓi wani mutum wanda yake da ba kawai jiki kyakkyawa, amma kuma ban mamaki m. Yana da aka Alexander Dmitriyev-Mamonov. Mutane da yawa masoya na Empress ne sosai irin mata, da kuma Ekaterina Velikaya ya kullum nuna karimci zuwa gare shi, ko da bayan duk sadarwa.

Alal misali, daya daga kwartayenta - Bitrus Zavadovsky - samu dubu hamsin rubles, a fensho na dubu biyar da dubu huɗu manoma bayan da dangantaka ƙare (shi ya faru a 1777). A karshe na ta da yawa masoya - Prince Zubov, wanda ya ƙaramin fiye da Empress har shekara arba'in.

Kuma abin da game da yara na Catherine mai girma? Shin tsakanin haka da yawa favorites babu wanda ya ba ta wani ɗansa ko 'yarsa? Ko bai Paul ya ta kawai yaro?

Catherine girma, haife to favorites Children

Lokacin da Empress Elizaveta Petrovna mutu, Catherine ya watanni shida ciki da Grigory Orlov. Da ta haifi jaririn a asirce daga duk Afrilu 11, 1762 a wani lungu na fada. Aurenta zuwa ga Bitrus III a lokacin da aka hallaka, kuma ya sau da yawa sported a kotu tare da ya farka.

Catherine Chamberlain Basil Shkurin da matarsa ɗauki yaron a cikin gidansa. Catherine Mai girma sarautar fara lokacin da yaron ne kawai 'yan watanni. Yana koma zuwa fadar. The yaro ya fara ji dadin wata al'ada yara a karkashin kulawa na iyayensu - Catherine da Gregory. Orlov fara amfani da yaro qoqarin tura Ekaterina aure.

Ta yi tunani sosai tsawo da kuma m, amma har yanzu ya dauki Panina Council, wanda ya bayyana cewa Mrs. Orlova ba za a yarda ya mallaki Rasha jihar. Kuma Catherine bai yi kuskure ya aure Grigory Orlov. Lokacin da Alex zama saurayi, ya tafi zuwa ga tafiya kasashen waje. Journey tsawon shekaru goma. Bayan ya dawo zuwa Rasha, ɗan samu a matsayin kyauta daga estate na tsohuwarsa, da ya fara karatu Mai Tsarki yar jam'iyyar kadet Corps.

Rinjayar da favorites ga harkokin shugabanci

A cewar wasu littattafan tarihi data, daga Poniatowski Empress ta haifi wani yaro da wata yarinya, amma yara na Catherine mai girma ya rayu ne kawai game da goma sha shida watanni. Su taba aka gane a fili. Mafi yawa daga Catherine mai girma ta favorites zo daga daraja iyalansu da kuma sun iya gina wani fitaccen mai harkar siyasa. Alal misali, Stanislaw Poniatowski ya zama Sarkin Poland a 1764.

Amma babu wani daga cikin ƙaunataccen Catherine bai yi amfani da su a matsay tasiri jama'a da manufofin. Fãce Gregory Potemkin, Catherine Mai girma da wanda alaka sosai mai juyayi. Kwararru da yawa suna i'kirarin cewa wani m aure aka kammala tsakanin Empress da Potemkin a 1774.

Ekaterina Velikaya, da zamanin mulkin wanda ya kawo gagarumin amfani ga Rasha jihar, cikin rayuwarsa ya kasance mai auna da kuma ƙaunataccen mace.

Basic Services zuwa Rasha jihar

Kuma ko da yake soyayya a rayuwa Catherine ya wani muhimmin bangare, ji taba yi inuwa a siyasa ba. A Empress ya kullum yi aiki tukuru don koyi da Rasha harshen to irin wannan har kamar yadda cire su mayar da hankali gaba daya tunawa Rasha da al'adu da kuma ƙware da hali da kuma nazarin tarihin daular. Historical hoto na Catherine mai girma ya nuna cewa, ta kasance wani sosai m shugaban.

A zamanin mulkinsa, Catherine mika iyakar Rasha Empire zuwa yankin kudu da yamma kusan 520 000 murabba'in kilomita. A jihar ya zama da rinjaye da karfi a kudu-gabashin Turai. Wurare da dama nasarori a kan soja gaban yarda da Empire sãdu zuwa ga Black Sea.

Haka kuma, a 1768, a kan Assignation Bank aka kallafa tare da bayarwa na farko gwamnatin takarda kudi. Irin wannan cibiyoyin da aka bude a St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow, kuma daga baya a wasu birane na banki rassan aka halicce su.

Catherine biya mai girma da hankali ga ilimi da horo na matasa na biyu mata da maza. Moscow Foundling asibitin da aka bude, nan da nan ya kafa empress Smolny Institute for Noble akwai mãtã. Ta yi karatu ilimi ka'idar da yi na sauran kasashe da kuma ta qaddamar da yawa ilimi da sake fasalin. Kuma shi ya Catherine aza wajibi kafa makarantu a lardin sassa na Rasha Empire.

Empress kullum patronized al'adu rayuwa a kasar, kazalika da nuna biyayya ga Orthodox bangaskiya, da kuma jiha. Shi yana biya iyakar da hankali ga fadada makarantun da kuma inganta harkokin tattalin arziki da ƙarfi. Amma wanda yake mallakar bayan Catherine mai girma? Wanda ya tafi a kan ta hanyar shiga cikin ci gaban jihar?

A kwanaki na arshe na zamanin. Zai yiwu magaji a kan karaga

Don da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, Catherine II ya da cikakken mulkin Rasha jihar. Amma duk da wannan lokaci ta na da wani sosai tataccen dangantaka da nasa dan - magajin zuwa Pavel. A Empress na cike da sanin cewa ba shi yiwuwa don canja wurin ikon a hannun ɗansa.

Ekaterina Velikaya, da zamanin mulkin wanda ya ƙare a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba 1796, ya yanke shawarar yin magajin jikan Alexander. Wannan shi ne inda ta ga nan gaba m da warmly bi da shi. Empress aka shirya ta jika zuwa zamanin aikatawa ilminsa. Bugu da ƙari, ta ko da gudanar da aure Alexander, wanda nufi da zuwan da haihuwa kuma da ikon ya dauki wani wurin zama a kan kursiyin.

Duk da wannan, bayan mutuwar Catherine II da taimakon wani fada juyin mulki, dan Empress, Paul farko dauki wurin da magaji a kan karaga. Saboda haka, ya kasance wanda ya mulki bayan Catherine mai girma domin baya shekaru biyar.