Yana da duniya ta farko wayar hannu

Mobile Communications, wanda aiki a duniya a yau, ya al'ada aka dauke a gwada sabon firtsi. Duk da haka, da farko kungiyar na kayayyakin more rayuwa na mobile sadarwa ra'ayi fito a farkon karni na 20th. A wata tambaya, da farko wayar hannu, da kuma lokacin da, da wuya a amsa unequivocally a abin kasar. Amma idan ka yi kokarin yin wannan - abin da hujjojin da na sadarwa ci gaba da yin amfani da rediyo kayan aiki da ya kamata a yi karatu na farko, kuma farkon? Bisa ga abin da sharudda wadanda ko wasu na'urar kamata a sanya wayoyin hannu?

History of Mobile Phones: Key Facts

Don amsa wannan tambaya - wanda ƙirƙira farko wayar hannu a duniya, za mu iya na farko na dukkan Masana tarihin Game da sadarwa na'urorin.

Concepts da prototypes na sadarwa da na'urorin, daga wani aikin ra'ayi, kusa da wayoyin hannu, ya fara da za a tattauna a al'ummomi daban-daban (kimiyya da aikin injiniya) a farkon karni na 20th. Amma ainihin wayar salula a matsayin hanyar sadarwa miƙa zuwa ga mai amfani a karshen 70s wajen samar da dakin gwaje-gwaje Bell dakunan gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka mallakar daya daga cikin mafi girma a Amurka hukumomi - AT & T. Daga cikin na farko kasashen da nasarar aiwatar da kasuwanci wayar sadarwa tsarin - Finland. wayar sadarwa tsarin da aka rayayye ci gaba a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Amma abin da gwamnati gaba da sauran cikin sharuddan da gabatarwar wayoyin hannu?

Zai zama da amfani domin su zauna a Soviet qirqire - idon sani da facts game da su za su taimake mu mu fahimci lokacin da farko wayar hannu a duniya da kuma a cikin abin da kasar.

Samar da wata wayar hannu: Soviet kwarewa

A lokacin babban Patriotic War, da ra'ayin na musamman na'urar, Monophonic, shawara Soviet masanin kimiyya Georgi Ilyich Babat. Wannan naúrar ya zama mai šaukuwa wayar operable a cikin atomatik yanayin. Yana da aka zaci cewa zai yi aiki a cikin kewayon 1-2 GHz. A babba siffa daga cikin na'ura samarwa da GI Babati, ya tabbatar da watsa daga murya ta hanyar da Babbar cibiyar sadarwar musamman waveguides.

A shekarar 1946, Shapiro da kuma I. Zakharchenko aka miƙa don tsara wani rediyo sadarwa tsarin a wadda a na'urar ga samun da yada murya da za a sanya a cikin motoci. A daidai da wannan ra'ayi, tushen mobile sadarwa ya zama aiki a birane tashoshin, kuma ru ta musamman rediyo kayan aiki. A tsammani amfani da musamman kira a matsayin mai saye ganowa.

A watan Afrilu 1957, Soviet injiniya Leonid Kupriyanovich halitta a samfur na wani sadarwar na'ura - radiotelephone lk-1. Wannan na'urar yana da wani mataki radius daga game da 30 km kuma suna da wani babba nauyi - game da 3 kg. Ya iya samar da wata mahada saboda hulda da takamaiman PBX, wanda za a iya haɗa ta gari ta tarho. Daga bisani, da wayar da aka inganta. Saboda haka, LI Kupriyanovich muhimmanci rage nauyi da kuma girma na na'urar. A sabunta iya aiki na naúra da aka kimanin daidai da darajar 2 na taba kwalaye, stacked a kan juna. Weight radiotelephone ya game 500 grammes da baturi. Muna sa ran cewa Soviet wayar hannu za a yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin kasa tattalin arziki, a gida da kuma zai zama batun sirri amfani da 'yan ƙasa.

Radiotelephone LI Kupriyanovich damar ba kawai don yin kira amma kuma dauki su - bayar da aiki na sirri da lambobi, kazalika da Harnessing da kayayyakin more rayuwa a aika da sakonni daga PBX zuwa atomatik tarho tashar, kuma tare da su - riga da saye raka'a.

Bincike a cikin filin na mobile sadarwa da aka gudanar a wasu gurguzu kasashen. Alal misali, a 1959, da Bulgarian da masanin kimiyyar Khristo Bachvarov raya mobile na'ura, irin wannan a cikin manufa ga babban tarho LI Kupriyanovich, kuma ya jadadda mallaka da shi.

Za mu iya ce cewa duniya na farko wayar hannu da aka kirkiro, saboda haka a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ko wasu gurguzu kasashen?

Sharudda ga assigning na'urorin wayoyin hannu

Da farko, ya kamata ka yanke shawara a kan abin da aka tattauna, a gaskiya, wata wayar hannu. A daidai da na kowa definition, za a dauke a karkashin irin wannan na'urar wanda:

- m (a mutum zai iya gudanar da shi tare da ku).

- aiki ta amfani da rediyo links.

- damar guda mai amfani kira wani tare da wani na musamman da lambar.

- wani hanya hadedde tare da aike tarho networks.

- samuwa ga jama'a (yiwuwar connection ba ya bukatar da izni ga waɗanda ko wasu hukumomi, da kuma iyakance kudi da kuma ayyukan albarkatun biyan kuɗi).

Daga wannan hangen zaman gaba, a cike da wayar hannu har yanzu ba a ƙirƙira a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Amma, ba shakka, cikin sharudda ga sama ma'anar ba za a dauke duniya wayar hannu. Kuma idan kana da cire, musamman, amfani da Compactness, sauran iya da kyau dace da Soviet tsarin "Altai". La'akari da fasali a daki-daki.

Soviet kwarewa a hannu cin: da tsarin "Altai"

Karatu da tambaya daga abin da yake da farko wayar hannu a cikin duniya, shi ne m zuwa koyi ainihin gaskiya game Game da sadarwa tsarin. A na'urorin da alaka da shi, akwai, bisa manufa, duk da ãyõyin wayar hannu, ban da janar kasancewa. Wannan tsarin kamar haka:

- gudana a kan qa'ida ta rediyo sadarwa ;

- ba da damar daya zuwa masu biyan kuɗi kira wasu lambobi.

- shi yana cikin wani hanya hadedde tare da birnin networks.

Amma ba a fili akwai: mai kiran jerin amince a sashe matakin. A tsarin "Altai" da aka kaddamar a 60s a Moscow, kuma a cikin '70s da aka tura a cikin fiye da 100 garuruwa na Tarayyar Soviet. Rayayye amfani a lokacin gasar wasannin Olympic ta 1980.

Akwai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya shirya ya haifar da wayar sadarwa tsarin to wanda zai iya gama kowa da kowa. Amma saboda tattalin arziki da siyasa complexities daga cikin tsakiyar marigayi '80s aiki a kan ci gaban wannan ra'ayi da aka watsi.

A post-Soviet Rasha zuwa Yammacin ma'aunansa na salula sadarwar da aka aiwatar. By lokacin da suka yi na dogon lokaci damar sadarwa a tsakanin na'urorin da za a iya kira wani cikakken fledged wayoyin hannu. Bari mu yi nazarin hanyar da ci gaba da dacewa nagartacce a kasashen yamma. Wannan, a sake, zai taimake mu mu amsa tambaya daga inda da kuma lokacin da na farko a duniya wayar hannu.

History of US mobile

Kamar yadda muka gani a baya a wannan labarin, wani samfur wayar hannu ya fara bayyana a cikin West, a farkon karni na 20th. A 30-40-ies fara da za a aiwatar real ci gaba. A shekara ta 1933, tsakanin motoci na New York 'yan sanda za su iya saduwa ta amfani da rabin-Duplex radios. A shekarar 1946, a Missouri , da hannu cibiyar sadarwa da aka ci gaba, a cikin abin da mutum zai iya biyan kuɗi sadarwa tare da juna ta amfani da rediyo kayan aiki tare da shiga tsakani na da sadarwa. A shekara ta 1948, a Jihar Indiana kayayyakin da aka kaddamar, barin kawai daya saye kira wani riga a cikin atomatik yanayin.

Za mu iya cewa shi ne a Amurka, ta haka ne da shi ƙirƙira duniya na farko wayar hannu? Idan muka yi la'akari da waccan mujalla da muka sharudda ga assigning radiotelephone na'urar m ga irin - don haka, sai su yi magana, amma tare da tunani to daga baya American aukuwa. Gaskiyar cewa ka'idojin ta aiki da American cibiyoyin sadarwar salula 40s kasance sosai nisa daga waɗanda cewa faye hali na zamani mobile networks.

Systems, irin waɗanda cewa an jibge su a Missouri da kuma Indiana a cikin 40s, da gwaji gazawa a kan mitoci, kuma tashoshi. Yana ba a yarda ya haɗi zuwa mobile networks, a isasshe manyan yawan biyan kuɗi lokaci guda. A warware wannan matsala da aka samarwa gwani D. Bell na zobe, wanda aka samarwa don su raba ƙasar rediyo yaduwa a cikin cell ko Kwayoyin cewa sun kafa musamman tushe tashoshin aiki a daban-daban mitoci. Wannan manufa ne kullum gane da kuma na zamani, kamfanonin wayar salula. D. aiwatarwa na Zobe, a yi, manufar da aka aiwatar a shekarar 1969.

A tarihin mobile sadarwa a Turai da kuma Japan

A yammacin Turai, na farko tarho tsarin yin amfani da rediyo kayan aiki da aka gwada a 1951. A cikin shekaru 60 da na aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci ne rayayye gudanar a kasar Japan. Abin lura shi ne cewa Japan developers sun samu cewa mafi kyau duka mita ga kirkirar na mobile kayayyakin - 400 da kuma 900 MHz. Yau wadannan mitoci - ciki har da babban, cewa ana amfani da kamfanonin wayar salula.

Daya daga cikin manyan kasashe a aiwatar da aukuwa a fagen aiki na wani cikakken fledged cibiyoyin sadarwar salula zama Finland. A shekara ta 1971, da Finns fara tura mai sayar salula kewayon cibiyar sadarwa yankin da ya kai girman da daukacin kasar nan ta 1978. Shin haka yana nufin cewa sosai farko wayar hannu a duniya, aiki a kan zamani ka'idojin, ya bayyana a Finland? Akwai wasu muhawara a cikin ni'imar wannan rubutu: musamman, tabbatar da cewa faruwa Finnish sadarwa hukumomi dace kayayyakin strany.No sikelin bisa ga gargajiya ra'ayi, irin wannan na'urar ta bayyana tukuna a Amurka. A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan, kuma, idan muka yi la'akari da m version taka leda daga Motorola.

salula ra'ayi daga Motorola

A farkon 70s ya juya sosai m gasar tsakanin masu samar da sabis da kuma kayan aiki a alkawarin kasuwar segments a Amurka - a cikin filin na salon salula sadarwa. Babban contenders ne karfe kamfani AT & T da kuma Motorola. A wannan yanayin, da farko kamfanin mayar da hankali a kan abubuwan tayin na mota sadarwa tsarin - da hanyar, kamar yadda sadarwa da hukumomi a Finland, na biyu - a kan aiwatar da m na'urorin abin da wani sha'awar jam'iyyar iya kawo.

Lashe na biyu ra'ayi, da kuma, bisa Motorola Corporation farkon kirkirar, a gaskiya, kammala zamani fahimtar salula cibiyar sadarwa ta amfani da wani m devaysov.Pervy duniya ta wayar hannu karkashin Motorola kayayyakin more rayuwa, sake, daidai da hanyoyin da aka hannu kamar mai saye naúrar a shekarar 1973. Bayan shekaru 10 a Amurka da aka gudanar a cika kasuwanci cibiyar sadarwa da za su iya gama talakawa Amirkawa.

La'akari da cewa wakilta duniya na farko wayar hannu da aka kirkiro, bisa ga m view, da American injiniyoyi daga Motorola.

Da farko wayar salula: Features

Shi ne game da devayse Motorola DynaTAC. Ya auna game 1.15 kg. Its girma ne 12.5 x 22.5 x 3,75 cm. Yana da aka shirya lambar makullin don bugun kira, kazalika da biyu musamman mashiga zuwa aika kiran, da kuma kira ƙarshe. The na'urar da wani baturi, da wanda zai iya aiki a wani kira jiran yanayin, da tsari na 8 hours, da kuma tattaunawar - game 1 hr. Cajin baturi na farko wayar salula da ya zama fiye da 10 hours.

первый в мире мобильный телефон? Mene ne duniya ta farko wayar hannu? na'urar photo - a kasa.

Daga bisani, kamfanin Motorola ya fito da wani yawan kyautata versions na na'urar. Idan muka magana game da Motorola kasuwanci cibiyar sadarwa - na farko wayar hannu a duniya da aka yi domin dacewa kayayyakin more rayuwa a 1983.

Muna magana ne game da na'urar Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. Wannan naúrar auna game da 800 grams da ta girma ne m da farko version na na'urar. Abin lura shi ne cewa a cikin memory iya adana 30 kira lambobi.

Suka qirqiro na farko wayar hannu?

Saboda haka, za mu yi kokarin amsa mu main tambaya - wanda ƙirƙira duniya na farko wayar hannu. A tarihin sadarwa ci gaba ta amfani da rediyo ce cewa sosai farko da na'urar da cewa shi ne cikakken daidai da sharudda ga mobile phones, dacewa a yau, da aka kirkiro da Motorola a Amurka da kuma nuna wa duniya a shekarar 1973.

Duk da haka, ba daidai ba zai ce cewa kamfani ya bullo da wani sabon tushen ci gaban. Wayoyin hannu - a ji cewa sun kasance rediyo kayan aiki da kuma samar da wata mahada tsakanin biyan kuɗi da wani musamman lambar - by lokacin amfani da Tarayyar Soviet, da Turai da kuma Japan. Idan muka magana game da lokacin da duniya ta fari wayar hannu da aka commercialized - kamfanin, shi ya ci gaba, ya kaddamar m kasuwanci a shekarar 1983, daga baya fiye da, musamman, irin ayyukan da aka aiwatar a Finland.

Saboda haka, kamfani Motorola da gaskiya a matsayin na farko, wanda ya miƙa hadaya da wayar hannu a cikin zamani ji - musamman, aiki a kan manufa da rarraba tushe tashoshin Kwayoyin, kazalika da ciwon m format. Saboda haka, idan muka yi magana game da inda aka ƙirƙira duniya na farko wayar hannu, cikin ƙasar da - kamar yadda mai ɗaukuwa, m na'urar da cewa wani bangare ne na wani salon salula sadarwa kayayyakin more rayuwa, shi zai zama istinbadi domin sanin abin da bayyana da data kasance Amurka.

Duk da haka, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Soviet tsarin "Altai" gudana quite da kyau kuma ba tare da gabatarwar American-style fasaha. Saboda haka, injiniyoyi daga Tarayyar Soviet fundamentally tabbatar da ikon tura mobile kayayyakin more rayuwa a cikin kasa, a gaskiya, a sikelin, ba tare da yin amfani da ka'idojin da rarraba tushe tashoshin a kan wani saƙar zuma.

Yana yiwuwa ba tare da tattalin arziki da siyasa da matsaloli na cikin 80s da Tarayyar Soviet, dã sun gabatar da nasu mobile networks aiki a kan tushen da ma'anonin madadin American, kuma dã ba aiki muni. Duk da haka, a gaskiya - Yau da bukatunsu na salula sadarwa a Rasha an yi amfani da, ci gaba a cikin West, tayin da commercialized farko wayar hannu duniya.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa "Altai" tsarin zahiri yi aiki har shekara ta 2011. Saboda haka, Soviet injiniya nasarori na dogon lokaci zauna inganci da kuma shi zai iya nuna cewa su na iya samun tare da zama dole inganta, iya gasa da waje Concepts na gina mobile kayayyakin more rayuwa.

summary

Saboda haka, wanda ya ƙirƙira duniya na farko wayar hannu? A takaice amsar wannan tambaya shi ne da wuya. Idan wayar hannu don gane da wani m Subscriber rediyo kayan aiki, Hadakar tare da birane networks, aiki a kan manufa da cell da kuma samuwa ga kowa da kowa, shi ne mai yiwuwa da farko, wannan kayayyakin da aka gabatar da Amurka kamfanin Motorola.

сотовых сетях — то таковые, вероятно, в масштабе всего государства были внедрены в Финляндии, однако с применением устройств, ориентированных на размещение в автомобилях. Idan muka magana game da farko kasuwanci salula cibiyar sadarwa - to, waɗannan sũ m fadin jihar da aka gabatar a Finland, amma tare da yin amfani da na'urorin da nufin jeri a cikin motoci. Kungiyar agaji rufaffiyar mobile networks nasarar fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa kuma, a gaskiya, a kan wani kasa sikelin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.