Wrangel Island Nature Reserve, da wuri a kan taswira na Rasha, sauyin yanayi, wuri. Fauna da Flora na Wrangel Island

Yau za mu yi da ƙasar Wrangel. Wannan tsibirin yana da ban sha'awa. Yana unsuccessfully nemi Rasha matafiyi, da kuma bude wani dan Burtaniya da kuma a Jamus. Sa'an nan a kowa tsibirin shi ne "apple da sabani" tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka. A ƙasar da aka kewaye da Legends. Akwai ma wani ra'ayi cewa daya daga cikin mazauna sinister Gulag aka located nan. Amma ko da ba tare da haramta shi sansanin ƙasar shi ne m da mutane. Akwai ba daya iyakacin duniya ya rasu. Yau tsibirin ya ci gaba da gigice masana kimiyya da sabon sa mamaki binciken. Kamar yadda tsibirin da aka kafa, abin da yake akwai taimako, sauyin yanayi, Flora da fauna - ganin wannan labarin.

Wrangel Island a kan taswira

Wannan shi ne wani fairly babban yankin na ƙasar. Its yanki ne game da bakwai da rabi dubu murabba'in kilomita, kuma mafi yawansu, an rufe ta duwãtsu. Tsibirin da ake located a cikin Arctic Ocean. Ko da a cikin wani sauki yanki na ƙasar Wrangel riga ya ta'allaka ta musamman da suka bambanta. Yana da wani watershed tsakanin biyu manyan jikin ruwa na teku, da na halitta iyakar da ke tsakanin Chukchi da kuma Gabas Siberian tekuna. Kuma a kan Wrangel Island wuce mahaɗar tsakãninsu da Gabashi da kuma Yammacin hemispheres na duniya tamu. Daya ɗari da eightieth Meridian, da ake kira "Kwanan Line" raba yankin na ƙasar kusan daidai sassa. A arewacin tekun na Chukotka, tsibirin da ake rabu akalla 140 kilomita na ruwa - Dogon mashigar. Tun shekarar 1976, wannan ƙasa ayyana wani hali ajiye. A karshe mazaunin mutu a 2003. Tun daga nan, akwai rayuwa kawai iyakacin duniya masana kimiyya. Administratively tsibirin nasa ne da Chukotka cin gashin kanta District (Iultinsky District).

Tarihi na samu

Tare da amincewa da zamu iya cewa ƙasar Wrangel fara gano Paleo-Eskimo. Yadda za a tabbatar da archaeological tono za'ayi a cikin wani kwazazzabo da ake kira Iblis, mutane tsaya nan don sansanin uku da rabi shekara dubu da suka wuce. Rasha explorers gaya kasancewar ƙasa mai nisa Umkilir ( "Tsibirin na iyakacin duniya Bears") Chukchi. Amma shi ya dauki shekara ɗari biyu kafin a kan wani kowa rairayin bakin teku da kuma nelaskovy kafa kafar Turai. Na dogon lokaci tsibirin da aka dauke kawai wani kyakkyawan Chukchi labari. A cikin 1820-1824 shekaru unsuccessfully nemi a Rasha Explorer kuma dattaku Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel. A 1849, Explorer kuma matafiyi daga Birtaniya Genri Kellett kallo ta kawo nesa kusa, guda biyu na ƙasar a cikin Chukchi Sea. Discoverer ambace su da su bayan da kansa da kuma jirgin Herald. Saboda haka akwai "Kellett Land" da kuma tsibirin Herald (daga baya Wrangel Island) a duniya map. Sai dai ba duk Kasadar na mu ɓangare na ƙasar kewaye da teku.

Me samu aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa Wrangel

Tsibirin aka dauke ba a sani ba zuwa ga Turawa (ra'ayi game da Chukchi Umkilir ba ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi). Da dama daga cikin discoverer mallakar wani wanda ba kawai ganin m gaci tare da taimakon wani nesa kusa, kuma tako a kan shi tare da kafa. Shi ne mai Jamus m Eduard Dallmann, wanda gudanar da m ma'amaloli da mazauna Chukotka da kuma Alaska. Amma ya yi nisa daga tunanin da zarar ta halarci kira su su ga ƙasar. A shekara daga baya, a 1867-m, whaler Thomas Long daga Amirka, komai a fili a kan tsibirin. By sadaukarwa, wannan jarumi ya da wani bincike, san da yawa game da search for F. P. Vrangelya. Saboda haka, ya gano da kuma mai suna tsibirin bayan shi. A yankin da aka ba mutum a kusa da shekaru 14 da haihuwa. A 1881, da tsibirin na Wrangel da kuma Harold zo up American jirgin. Yana duba ga mambobin na iyakacin duniya balaguro, De Long, saita kashe zuwa nasara da Arewa iyakacin duniya a 1879 a kan da "Jeannette" da kuma m. Kyaftin Kelvin Huper komai a fili a kan tsibirin daga cikin tawagar. Duk da yake cikin mutanen da aka nema, akwai wani burbushi na da kyaftin din hoisted da Amurka flag a kan tudu. Tsibirin ya kira New Colombia.

tarin tsiburai ilimi

Har karni na ashirin, Rasha da kuma Amurka gwamnati da kadan ban sha'awa a wanda ya mallaki biyu rasa a cikin Arctic Ocean Sushi ya da. Wannan hali da gudummawar su "m" yanayin tsarawa. Wrangel Island, misali, da westernmost a kananan tarin tsiburai, located tsakanin 70 ° da kuma 71 ° arewa latitud. A tsawon wannan tare da Meridian wannan wuri kawai na musamman: daga 179 ° W. d. to 177 ° C. d. A tarin tsiburai ne sosai kusa ba kawai daga Arewacin Amirka amma kuma daga nahiyar Asiya. Wannan shi ne duk da cewa ya zauna da sau daya data kasance gada tsakanin nahiyoyin biyu, inda da Bering mashigar ba tukuna warware su. Saboda haka, shi ne tsibirin ɓangaren duniya asalin. Kuma shi ya sa suka kuma ake kira Beringia. Wannan yanki da aka kebe da kankara shekaru daban-daban, da kuma a lokacin da xumamar duniya na tsibirin bai je karkashin ruwa. Wannan al'amari ya kiyaye a ƙasa Wrangel ban mamaki Flora da fauna.

Zapolyarnoe apple da sabani

Tare da farko na karni na ashirin, da kuma tare da karni masana'antu, duka biyu 'yan takara ayyana' yancin da tarin tsiburai. Bayan duk, babu al'amarin inda Wrangel Island, zaune idan akwai wani, da kuma ko yana yiwuwa a gudanar da wani tattalin arziki da ayyukan. Iyakokin jihohin makwabta an canja zuwa gabas da yamma, bi da bi, idan wani ya samun riƙe na tarin tsiburai. A cikin kaka na 1911 da Rasha hydrographic balaguro a kan jirgin ruwa "Vaigach" komai a fili a kan Wrangel Island da kuma tashe da Rasha flag a kan shi. A lokacin rani na 1913 Canadian brigantine "Karluk" ya nipped kuma an tilasta wa shiga wani hali da Bering mashigar. Sashe na daga cikin tawagar komai a fili a kan tsibirin Gerald da sauran - a babban jam'iyyar - at Wrangel. Biyu mambobi ne na balaguro kai babban ƙasar (Alaska), amma ceto jam'iyyar zo don wuya kawai a watan Satumba shekara ta 1914.

A ci gaba da tarin tsiburai

A 1921, Canadians yanke shawarar "gungumen azaba daga" wani tarin tsiburai a cikin Chukchi Sea. Bayan duk, shi ya ba da jihar damar na kama kifi da kuma whaling a su gaba. Amma da farko natsuwa na hudu na iyakacin duniya da kuma daya Inuit mata sun sha wahala hunturu (tsira kawai Ada Blackjack). Sai Canadians a shekarar 1923 kafa na biyu shafi. A Wrangel Island zo a fanning binciken kasa Charles Wells da goma sha biyu Eskimos, daga gare su, da mata da yara. Kamar yadda samar da abinci tsunduma a sana'a dayansu, natsuwa nasarar tsira da hunturu. Amma gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet aika zuwa gaba na tsibirin icebreaker "Red Oktoba", sanye take da bindigogi. Tawagar natsuwa a kan tilas dauke a kan kuma kai su Vladivostok, inda daga baya bude shari'ar a mahaifarsa. A sakamakon wannan tafiya, yara biyu sun mutu.

Wrangel Island ne namu.

Ta yaya ya zama "m" karshe? Ko da yake akwai Wrangel Island a kan taswira na Rasha, gwamnatin kasar za ta huta ba sai akwai wani yabo da Rasha mulkin mallaka. A 1926 aka kafa shi da iyakacin duniya tashar, wadda aka jagorancin bincike G. Ya. Ushakov. Tare da shi, suka zauna wani 59 kauyuka na Chukchi Chaplin da Providence. A 1928, da icebreaker "Litke" akwai zo a Ukrainian jarida Nikolai Trublaini. Ya na da akai-akai a cikin littattafan (kamar "The Way to da Arctic ta hanyar da yammacin sahara") ya bayyana Wrangel Island da kuma ta mai karko da kyau. Na gama gonaki sun zama a ko'ina a cikin tarayyar Soviet da kuma Far Arewa ya ba togiya. reindeer herding gama gona da aka kafa a shekara ta 1948 - to wannan karshen kawo kananan shanu daga ɓangaren duniya. Kuma a cikin 70s aka gabatar muskox da Nunivak Island. Ko da yake mugunta harsunanku kuma ce cewa dangane da tarin tsiburai ne daya daga cikin gulag sansanonin, ba gaskiya ba ne. Kauyuka Ushakovskoe, Perkatkun, Star kuma kauye. Cape Schmidt aka zaune ko explorers ko Chukchi kabilu.

kare Lands

A 1953 da hukumomin yanke shawarar kare da dabbar walrus rookeries su a kan biyu tsibiran a cikin Chukchi Sea. Shekara bakwai daga baya, Magadan Oblast kwamitin zartarwa kafa ta ƙuduri a kan Wrangel Island Reserve. Daga baya (1968) ya aka ciyar a status. Amma wannan bai tsaya Soviet gwamnati. Nature ajiye na kasa mai muhimmanci a shekarar 1976 aka tuba a cikin wani yanayi ajiye "Wrangel Island". A sashi ne har yanzu kare karkashin RSFSR majalisar ministocin kasar da umurnin a karkashin lamba 189 na Maris 23, 1976. M ajiye suna - ba wani typo. Ya karkashin kariya, da kuma makwabtaka da tsibirin Herald, da kuma game da 1.43 kadada miliyan ruwa yanki. Abin mamaki kiyayewa yanayi ne sosai gudummawar da rikicin na marigayi 1990s. Mafi yawa daga cikin mazaunan da aka dauka zuwa ɓangaren duniya, domin babu ceton su abinci da man fetur. A karshe occupant Vasilina Alpaun kashe wani iyakacin duniya bear a 2003. Kuma a cikin 2004 biyu tsibiran kunshe a cikin UNESCO Duniya Heritage List.

taimako

Wrangel Island Map nuna cewa wannan yanki na ƙasar ne quite duwatsu. Uku kusan layi daya sarkar - Northern, ta Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin ridges - kashe karya da bakin teku cliffs. Tsororuwar - Dutsen Soviet - har zuwa 1096 mita saman teku matakin. An located kusan a tsakiyar tsibirin. Low Arewa Ridge wãyi Scotland bayyana kira tundra Academy. Kwaruruka Coast na tsibirin an yanke ta lagoons. Akwai da yawa tabkuna da koguna. Amma a nan kĩfinsu ba a samu. Saboda matsananci yanayi, wadannan kududdufai ta hanyar hunturu daskare. Duk da haka, da xumamar duniya ne m nan. A cikin 'yan shekaru, a bakin kogin ya fara rayayye tafi a kan spawning Shoals na kifi. Mai karko ƙasa kuma Zapolyarnoe wuri a tsibirin halitta jerin Neta glaciers.

Climate Wrangel Island

Iyakacin duniya dare a nan ya zo na biyu shekaru goma na Nuwamba, kuma maraba da rãnã da aka nuna a karshen watan Janairu. The haske ba ya wuce sararin sama daga tsakiyar watan Mayu zuwa na uku shekaru goma na Yuli. Amma ko da da cewa da rana ko da yaushe haskakawa Wrangel Island, ba ya bayar da gida rani zafi. Zafin jiki har ma a watan Yuli ba wuce +3 ° C. M snowfall, yayyafi da kuma hazo. Kawai wani abnormally zafi zafi na shekara ta 2007, da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio tsalle zuwa +14,8 ° C (a watan Agusta). Winters ne ma quite m, tare da m blizzards. Rency musamman Fabrairu da Maris. A zafin jiki a wannan lokacin saboda mutane da yawa makonni ba ya tashi sama da matakin na -30 ° C. Sanyi iska talakawa daga Arctic kai tare da kadan danshi. Amma a lokacin rani da Arewa Pacific ake hurawa m iska.

Flora

Gorodkov, suka yi karatu a 1938 da shuka cover a kan gabas Coast na ƙasar Wrangel Island kuskuren dangana ga sashi na Arctic Hamada. Ara nazarin da Flora sa masana kimiyya su yi tunanin cewa da karkararta ta'allaka a sashi na iyakacin duniya tundra. Kuma ya zama sosai madaidaici, da rarrabuwa ne kamar haka: Wrangel Subprovince Yammacin Amirka Arctic tundra zone. Flora daban-daban tsoho nau'in abun da ke ciki. Uku kashi na shuka - subendemics. Wannan poppy Gorodkova, puccinellia, oxytrope Wrangel da sauransu. A halin yanzu, shi ya bayyana cewa yawan wadan jinsunan Wrangel Island wanda ya yi daidai a cikin iyakacin duniya zone. Bugu da kari a wadannan shuke-shuke, wanda aka same kawai a nan kuma babu inda kuma a duniya, a cikin ajiye girma fiye da dari na rare jinsuna.

fauna

Harsh yanayin damina ba yarda da wani nau'in bambancin. A tsibirin babu halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da ruwa tare kifi. Amma Wrangel Island, wanda photo wuya taba cikakken ba tare da fari bear a cikin foreground, riqe da rikodin ga da yawa daga wadannan dabbobi. Alkalin da kanka: wani yanki na game da bakwai da rabi dubu murabba'in kilomita rayu tare hudu bears. Kuma cewa ke ba kirgawa maza da matasa! Wannan ne shi barata bisa ga Chukchi sunan tsibirin - Umkilir. Haka kuma, jama'ar na wannan dabba na karuwa a shekara. Iyakacin duniya bear - babban mai na tsibirin. Baya da shi akwai ake shigo da caribou da muskox. Summer yana sanya iska daga babban yankin ƙudan zuma, malam, kwari da sauro. A duniyar tsuntsaye a tsibirin yana da game da 40 jinsin. Hakori ne endemic Wrangel Lemming. Bugu da kari ga bears da sauran yara suna same: iyakacin duniya fox, kerkẽci, fox, wolverine, ermine. A gida dabbar walrus rookery - mafi girma a Rasha.

musamman samu

A cikin tsakiyar 1990s, ajiye "Wrangel Island" ya bayyana a gaban shafukan da mujallar kimiyya. Kuma duk saboda burbushin halittu sun gano ragowar mammoths nan. Amma ya muhimmanci ba a sami kanta, kuma ta shekaru. Sai ya juya daga cewa tsibirin rufe da lokacin farin ciki gashi, wadannan giwaye rayu da dai duk uku da rabi shekara dubu da suka wuce. Amma da aka sani cewa Santa mutu fitar da fiye da dubu goma da suka wuce. Me muke da shi? Lokacin da Girka ya yaxu Mycenaean wayewa, kuma ya ci sarauta a Misira Fir'auna Tutankhamun, a kan Wrangel Island Santa tafiya a kusa da rai! Duk da haka, a gida subspecies bambanta ma kadan karuwa - da girman da wani zamani Afirka giwa.