Wa? Ir? Ira penicillin? Tarihi na samu da kuma kaddarorin penicillin

Daruruwan rayuka suna da ceto, a lokacin da yin amfani da maganin rigakafi a likita yi. A gano penicillin sauƙaƙar da shi ya sadar da mutane daga cututtuka da cewa har farkon XX karni an dauke m.

Medicine penicillin firtsi

Don ƙarni magani ya kasance iya ajiye rai da marasa lafiya. A mataki na farko zuwa nasara da aka gano gaskiyar na yanayin asalin yawa cututtuka. Muna magana ne game da gaskiyar cewa mafi cututtuka bayyana a sakamakon cutarwa sakamakon kwayoyin. Da sauri isa, masana kimiyya ya gane cewa cuta-haddasa kwayoyin za a iya halakar da taimakon wasu kwayoyin, nuna "rashin jituwa" da jamiái na cututtuka.

A cikin shakka daga su likita yi, da dama da masana kimiyya a cikin XIX zo wannan ƙarshe. Daga cikin su ya Louis Pasteur, wanda ya gano cewa sakamakon wasu irin kwayoyin take kaiwa zuwa mutuwar bacilli na Anthrax. Amma wannan bayanin ya bai isa ba. Yana da ya wajaba a sami wani takamaiman tasiri hanyoyin da za a magance matsalar. Duk da kokarin da likitoci don ƙirƙirar a duniya magani kasa. Kuma kawai wani m hatsari da kuma m hunch taimake Aleksandru Flemingu, zuwa ga masanin kimiyya ne suka qirqiro penicillin.

Amfani Properties na mold

Yana da wuya a yi imani da cewa ya fi na kowa mold yana da antibacterial Properties. Amma yana da gaskiya. Shi ne ba kawai wani greenish-m abu, wani microscopic naman gwari. Yana taso ne daga xan tayin ko da karami, da cewa su ne a cikin iska. A yanayi na matalauta iska wurare dabam dabam, da kuma sauran abubuwan da mold suna kafa. Penicillin da aka ba tukuna bude, amma a cikin XI karni, Avicenna ayyukan da nassoshi da magani daga surkin jini cututtuka da taimakon wani mold.

Shawarwari tsakanin biyu masana kimiyya

A 60-ies na XIX karni Rasha likitoci Aleksey Polotebnov da Vyacheslav Manassein tsanani jãyayya. A batu na muhawara da aka mold. Polotebnov imani da cewa shi ne asalin dukkan germs. Manassein nace a kan m ra'ayi, kuma ya tabbatar da rashin laifi, aka gudanar da wani jerin bincike.

Ya duba ci gaban da mold spores, wanda aka sown a m asa. A sakamakon haka, V. Manassein ga ci gaban da kwayoyin bai faruwa daidai a cikin filin na mold girma. Ya ra'ayi yanzu an tabbatar da gwaji: mold zahiri damuarn da girma da wasu kwayoyin. Da abokin gaba shigar da kuskure da ya tabbatarwa. Bugu da ƙari, Polotebnov ya fara a hankali nazarin antibacterial Properties na mold. Akwai shaida da cewa ya ma yi amfani da su da nasara a lura da talauci warkar da fata ulcers. Polotebnov kishin surori da dama da ya kimiyya aikin kwatanta da kaddarorin na mold. Akwai ma wani masanin kimiyya shawarar yin amfani da wadannan siffofin a magani, musamman domin lura da fata cututtuka. Amma wannan ra'ayin ba wahayi zuwa gare ta da sauran likitoci, da kuma an riƙa manta.

Wa? Ir? Ira penicillin

Wannan abin yabo nasa ne da likita masanin kimiyya Aleksandru Flemingu. Ya kasance wani farfesa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na St. Maria City na London. Babban taken da kimiyya aiki - shi ne ci gaban da kuma kaddarorin staphylococci. A gano penicillin ya aikata wani hatsari. Fleming mai kula ba shahara, wajen akasin haka. Wata rana, da barin tebur marsa wanki jita-jita da kwayan al'adu, 'yan kwanaki daga baya ya ce sakamakon mold. Ya sha'awar da cewa a cikin sarari a kusa da mold kwayoyin da aka hallaka.

Fleming ya ba da sunan abu saki da mold. Ya mai suna shi penicillin. Bayan dauke da fitar da wani babban yawan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya hakikance cewa wannan abu zai iya kashe daban-daban iri cutarwa kwayoyin.

Abin da shekara ƙirƙira penicillin? A 1928, Aleksandra Fleminga kallo ya ba da duniya yana da wata mu'ujiza a lokacin abu.

Production da kuma Aikace-aikacen

Fleming iya ba koyi penicillin, don haka na farko yi na magani ba sosai sha'awar ya samu. Waɗanda suke ƙirƙira penicillin a matsayin magani sun Govad Florey da Cheyn Ernst. Su, tare da abokan aikinsa ware tsarki penicillin, da kuma dangane da shi a duniya na farko da kwayoyin.

A shekarar 1944, a lokacin yakin duniya na II, Amurka, masana kimiyya sun kasance iya samun penicillin masana'antu hanya. Gwaji da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya dauka a bit lokaci. Kusan nan da nan, penicillin fara amfani da sojoji da kawayenta su bi da rauni. Lokacin da yaki ya ƙare, farar hula, yawan na Amurka ma zai iya saya cikin mu'ujiza magani.

Duk wanda ya ƙirƙira penicillin (Fleming, Florey, Sarkar) ya zama masu a cikin Nobel Prize a Medicine.

Penicillin: tarihi na samu a Rasha

Lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War aka har yanzu faruwa, I. V. Stalin ya yi yawa yunkurin sayan lasisi don samar da penicillin a Rasha. Amma Amurka ya yi ambiguously. Da farko daya Naira Miliyan Xari da aka ambace su, dole ne in ce, wani astronomical. Amma daga baya da shi ya karu da sau biyu, bayanin da karuwa na farko ba daidai ba lissafin. A sakamakon haka, tattaunawar kasa.

A cikin tambaya na wanda ƙirƙira penicillin a Rasha, babu wani guda amsar. Gano hanyoyin da nuna analogues aka caje microbiologist Zinaida Ermoleva. Ta ya iya samun abu, daga baya ya kira krustozinom. Amma da kaddarorin wannan magani ne da ya fi na baya penicillin, da kuma fasahar samar ya aiki-m da tsada.

Aka yanke shawarar har yanzu saya lasisi. Da mai sayarwa ya Ernst Sarkar. Bayan da ci gaban fasaha da kuma kaddamar da shi a cikin samarwa. Wannan tsari ya jagoranci Nikolai Kopylov. Masana'antu samar na penicillin da aka kafa da sauri. A wannan Nikolay Kopylov aka bayar da Stalin Prize.

Maganin rigakafi a general da kuma musamman penicillin lalle ne, haƙĩƙa da gaske musamman Properties. Amma a yau, fiye da mafi masana kimiyya suna nuna damuwa da cewa da yawa kwayoyin da microbes ci gaba da juriya ga wannan warkewa mataki.

Wannan matsala yanzu ake bukata da hankali shawara da kuma yiwuwa mafita, yadda hakika iya zo lokacin da wasu daga cikin kwayoyin zai daina amsa ga mataki na maganin rigakafi.