Vertical Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau da jama'arsu

Vertical - mai salo na zane-zane, dauke a kanta da musamman fasali mutum. Ga wani sana'a artist wani muhimmin batu - to kai ba kawai bayyana kama ga wani live model, amma kuma ya bayyana ciki duniya da mutum mutum, ransa. Wannan ya bambanta hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau.

Kawai gwani portraitist karkashin karfi don bayyana hali da kuma wani tunanin jihar na model, ta yanayi a lokacin. Muhimmanci a cikin hoto ne duk cikakkun bayanai - na waje model, da tufafi, da bango muhallin, da kuma na'urorin haɗi. Su ba da artist wani zarafi su nuna ma da zamantakewa matsayi na hoto, da kuma ƙara da wasu launi tarihi lokaci a wancan zamanin.

A ci gaba da hoto Genre

A halin yanzu, da lallausan arts taru a babbar tarin hoto images, gami da al'adunmu na da yawa Masters na baya da kuma yanzu, don nuna hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Saƙon ta kwayar su a cikin aikin, shi ne mafi kyau a zana hoto na sau a wanda ya rayu kuma yi aiki portraitists. A kowane zamanin da da kansa akida na kyakkyawa, mamaye daban-daban styles, canza bukatun ga hoto images. Domin kama, ajewa da kai ga zuriya fuskar image, da artists amfani da daban-daban abu. Ware sculptural hotuna, mai hoto da kuma pictorial, wanda yake jaddada versatility, wanda yana da hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Pictures of wani mutum fuska za a iya sanya unconventionally da kuma tayal, kõre da mai walƙiya, appliques, da dai sauransu ...

Asalin hoto

A farko hannunka-kõma hotuna nema a mayar da zamanin da. Kakanninsu za a iya daukan samu Fayum hotuna, mai suna ga wurinta (Masar zango na Fayoum). Frescoes, same lokacin tono a cikin kango na fada a Karita, aminci zo mana da kyau fasali na mata matasa. Ko da yake image ya sosai sketchy, murals data za a iya daukan gaskiya "protoportretami".

A farko tsira hotuna, a cikin abin da mutum siffofin da wani mutum, shi ne aiki na artists na zamanin d Girka, Misira da kuma Roma da aka canjawa wuri, da suke iya gabatar da cikakken hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Wadannan hotuna da aka sculpted da yake a sani a lokacin da kasida da gabascin, shugabanni da sarakuna.

zamanin tsohuwar Girka

Don siffar wani mutum ya juya zuwa ga tsoho Greek Masters na tsaoho lokaci. Tsaoho art hade da manufa mutum, kyau a jiki da kuma ruhu. Wannan hoton ya dubi ban mamaki mutane aiki, gaba bã tãre da kama.

A nan gaba, da hotunan zama mafi hadaddun, master Bambanta jihãdi don ƙirƙirar hotuna. Hellenistic zamanin ya lokacin da hankali ga mutum, da motsin zuciyarmu. A sassaka zo aiwatar da expressiveness. Created mutummutumai kiyaye kamiltaccen jiki, amma suka nemi su hoto. Tsoho sculptors sculpted kagaggun busts, amma akwai da mutummutumai da wani cikakken tsawon, wanda aka saka a kan pedestals. wata babbar lamba na sculptural hotuna da aka halitta daga daban-daban kayan: marmara, da tagulla, da na azurfa, da zinariya, da hauren giwa.

zamanin d Roma

Jihar bukatun da aka hada tare da Romawa da hankali ga mutumin, mutuntakarsa. Artists sun lissaftuwa a kan hakkoki da wajibai na Man, da ciki 'yancin kai da kuma kishin yanci. Yana da kayyade ci gaban mai gaskiya sculptural hoto. Romawa Zagayawar ado a kaifin baki tufafi - Toga, saboda hoto da aka yi nufi ga tasbĩhi game da nobility dadin jikina. Early images kai karfin da tsirar hali dake rike da wani hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Development of Roman sassaka da gudummawar da tsoho al'adar yin mutuwa masks.

A cikin rabi na biyu II a. Roman hoto kai ta ganiya. Sculptors ne yanzu kula ba kawai ga kama tare da model, amma kuma a kan watsuwar ta shafi tunanin mutum yanayin. Wannan ya kai ga wani canji a cikin image fasahar ido - maye gurbin inlays da kuma canza launi dabaru zo roba. Portraitists na lokacin ayan mafi m watsa yanayi, nudity babbar hali dabiu.

Middle Ages: Jan van Eyck

An m salo na art hoto fara a tsakiyar zamanai. Flemish Jan van Eyck ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko artists wanda amince da hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Saƙon bar su a cikin kowane zanen aikin ya zo cikin zuriyar wani muni fiye da a cikin ayyukan marubuta da kuma kasida. Yana da aka Jan van Eyck sanya wani hoto na wani raba salo. A cewar labari, ya kasance kuma marubucin na mai zanen dabara. Daya daga cikin na farko ayyukan van Eyck ta Ghent Altarpiece shi ne zanen. Daga cikin haruffa a can da kuma abokan ciniki aiki - da ake kira donator (gudunmawa) mutane su ba da kyauta kudi domin sake ma su matsugunni da coci. A al'adar addini qagaggun hada da fuskar zanen abokan ciniki wanzu a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai. The artist ba kawai hada donators Figures a cikin abun da ke ciki na kayayyakin, da kuma kyautata manufofin da bayyana su characters.

Renaissance

A cikin Renaissance, da hoto zama na farko da m nau'o'i na zanen. Bayyana a karo na biyu da kwata na XV karni., Yana da sauri ya zama mashahuri. Babban aiki na hoto wani tunani na da hali na fice zamani. Artists ba wanda aka nuna taƙawa kuma kaskantattu donators - su haruffa sun zama free fuska, ba kawai cikakken baiwa, amma kuma iya m ayyuka.

Jamus: Albrecht Dürer

Works of fenta da kuma hoto artist zama babban taimako ga ci gaban da hoto salo. Hotuna Dürer bambanta da hankali ga na musamman individuality na model. Su heroes - mai kuzari, fasaha, cike da mutunci, makamashi da kuma kokarin. Kai hoto Dürer ya na musamman da hankali, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance wani sabon abu sabon abu, ya nema ya sami mutum dabiu cewa bambanta mutum daya ne daga wani.

Italiya: Leonardo Vinci

Ya kasance mai kyau mai zane-zane, mai hoto artist, kirkiro, kimiyyar, injiniya da kuma ko da wani mawaki. Sunan "Mona Lisa" ( 'La Gioconda ") - cikin shahararrun zanen a duniya. A wuri mai faɗi a cikin wannan hoto - ba kawai bango. Mace da kuma yanayin ci a cikin wani jitu dukan. The artist ga alama na sha'awar nuna duniya da mutum a matsayin babban kuma m, a matsayin kewaye yanayi na mutane. Leonardo Vinci ya iya immortalize a cikin ayyukansu, da hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau da jama'arsu.

Spain: Francisco Goya

Spanish fenta Francisco Goya ya zama shahararren kamar yadda marubucin hotuna da kuma ostrosotsialnyh zana rubutu. Dukan ayyukan da halin da m tausaya da tsanani halaye. Goya son rubuta mata - kyau da kuma ba sosai aristocratic da 'yammãta. Ko bayan zama fi so daga cikin shugabanni, kotun fenta, Goya fĩfĩta rubuta cikin birane matalauta.

Ingila Thomas Lawrence

A hoto shine mafi girman nasara na Turanci zanen a jamsin na XVIII-XIX ƙarni. Tomas Lorens shi ne na farko English-sani hoto mai zane-zane. M da virtuoso dabara na kisan Lawrence hotuna kai da bugu na romantic tudu. The artist mai biya da hankali ga tsaftacewa da Lines, richness na launuka, bugun jini ƙarfin hali. Lawrence rubuta hotuna na actresses da ma'aji, yara da tsofaffi maza, matasa maza da mata. Ya gane zurfin da muhimmancin wannan batu, a matsayin hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Album da reproductions na ayyukan Lawrence aka buga a cikin littafin siffan da kuma sayar da dubban kofe a dukan duniya.

France Ogyust Renuar

A farkon shekarun da XIX karni. muhimmanci wuri a Faransa zanen shagaltar da almajiransa da kuma mabiya David. Aikinsu resonated tare da son zũciyõyin jama'a lokacin zamanin mulkin Napoleon. Classicism cewa rinjaye a wannan lokaci a cikin art, da ake kira "Empire" - style daular. Wannan style "ja layi" soke hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau.

Ogyust Renuar sani ba ya zane-zane, ba tare da wani mutum, kuma wani hoto - shi ne m halin da ake ciki. A cikin tsakiyar 1870s. hoto ya zama wata babbar Genre a cikin zanen da Renoir. A 'yan shekarun da ya fara yin aiki a kan halittar yara hotuna: yara rubuta a ciki, a yanayi. Ya aminci reproduced ain fata na matasa model, mai bayyanannen look, silky gashi, m tufafi. Renoir gaba daya ya canza da kuma kara zuwa hoto Genre a cikin al'adun daban-daban sau. Photos of ayyuka da wannan babban artist za a iya gani a da yawa buga wallafe a kan al'adu da kuma art.

Rasha

Vertical Genre bayyana a Rasha daga baya fiye da a Turai (c XVIII.) Kuma ya a hanyoyi da dama kama da icon. Fara na Rasha hoto zanen hade da sunayen irin wannan artists kamar yadda Nikitin, Matveev, Antropov, Argunov.

Jagora na hoto da kuma Genre zanen da aka Vasiliy Andreevich Tropinin. A cikin ayyukansu, ya ko da yaushe ya ba da annashuwa amma sosai gaskiya mutum halayyar. Tropinin kusa su zama cikin aikin hukuma portraitist na Moscow.

Alexei Venetsianov gaskiya kira da kafa Genre a Rasha art. Ya farko halicci wani gallery na images of baƙauye - m, amma ba tare da wani adadin idealization da sentimentality.

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov rubuta wani babban yawan m hotuna, imbued tare da bege na mutum kyakkyawa, sha da farin ciki na kasancewa. Wasu daga cikin mafi hotuna na wannan lokaci sun hada da "The Rider", wani hoto Samoilova, perovskite. Bryullov Halicci musamman duniyar kyakkyawa, farinciki, salama, farin ciki da yara.

sabon lokaci

New lokaci ya kawo wani sabon hali zuwa art. Yana riga ya ba da su yi ado, kamata ba "zama kyau." Hoto a baya wanzu kamar idan a hanyoyi biyu (da umarnin da kuma Research) ya zama mafi kama. Yanzu yana da yafi wani kasuwanci Genre, ba da artist albashi, maimakon wata damar bayyana kansu. Domin magana mayen yanzu ƙara zabar wasu nau'o'i.

Art nouveau, abin da ya bayyana a nuna na XIX-XX ƙarni., Komo kaya da kuma rawar da hotuna. Don bayyana yanayin da model, da artist nã zãɓen ma'ana kayayyaki, ciki kuma ko da matsayi reminiscent na XVIII karni. Ba wani koma baya, makafi kwaikwayo, da kuma irin game, da tsanani da kuma funny a lokaci guda.

ƙarshe

Hoto ya ci gaba da zama a wannan rana, ko da yake, yanzu kamar yadda kafin a Turai, shi aka ƙara zama wani rijista salo. Wata kila wannan shi ne wani halitta mataki na cin gaban su. Duk da haka, ci gaba da al'adar, shi ne wani muhimmin tarihi daftarin aiki, wanda zai kawo har zuwa ƙarshe. Ƙwaƙwalwar zamaninmu.