Tungsten: aikace-aikace kaddarorin da kuma sinadaran da halaye

Mother Nature ya wadãtar da bil'adama amfani da sinadaran abubuwa. Wasu daga cikin su suna boye a cikin zurfin, kuma suna kunshe ne a wani gwada da kananan adadin, amma da darajar da matukar muhimmanci. Wata irin wannan ne tungsten. Aikace-aikace na musamman Properties da aka sa.

Provenance

XVIII karni - karni na samu na lokaci-lokaci tebur - zama muhimman hakkokin a cikin tarihin wannan karfe.

A baya can shi zaci kasancewar wani abu da ke cikin ma'adinai jinsunan da hana su daga dab dacewa karafa. Alal misali, tin da aka samun wuya, idan dauke a cikin tama wannan kashi. Bambanci na narkewa maki kuma sinadaran halayen kai ga samuwar na slag kumfa, wanda rage adadin tin fitarwa.

A karni Sabunta karfe ya sequentially bude Swedish masanin kimiyya Scheele da kuma Spanish Elyuar 'yan'uwa. Haka ya faru a sakamakon sinadaran gwaje-gwajen a kan hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ma'adinai kankara - scheelite da wolframite.

Rajista, a lokaci-lokaci tsarin na abubuwa bisa ga atomic lambar 74. A rare tsaurin karfe tare da atomic nauyi 183,84 - shi ne tungsten. Its amfani shi ne saboda da sabon abu Properties cewa suna bude riga a cikin XX karni.

Inda ya dubi?

Bisa ga yawan da irin ƙaunar da ƙasa yanã mai "malonaselyayuschim" da kuma bautar 28th wuri. Yana da wani bangaren na kimanin 22 daban-daban ma'adanai, amma da muhimmanci ga samar da kawai 4 na su: scheelite (ƙunshi game da 80% trioxide), wolframite, kuma ferberite Gyubnera (an hada da 75-77% kowane). A abun da ke ciki ores sau da yawa ya ƙunshi impurities a wasu lokuta samar tare da "hakar" da karafa kamar molybdenum, tin, Tantalite da sauransu. The most adibas ne a kasar Sin, Kazakhstan, Canada, Amurka, kuma suna da a Rasha, Portugal, Uzbekistan.

Yadda za a samu?

Saboda da musamman Properties, kazalika da low abun ciki a cikin duwatsu da fasaha domin samar da m tungsten aka quite wuya.

1. Magnetic rabuwa, electrostatic rabuwa ko flotation domin wadãtar da tama taro har zuwa 50-60% na tungsten oxide.
2. Kadaici da 99% oxide da sinadaran dauki tare da alkaline ko acidic reagents da kuma lokaci na tsarkakewa daga cikin sakamakon precipitate.
3. Murmurewa da karfe via wani carbon ko hydrogen, samar da m karfe foda.
4. Production na ingots ko foda sintered bayar da taimakon.

Daya daga cikin muhimman matakai na samar da karfe kayayyakin ne foda metallurgy. Ya dogara ne a kan wani mix na powders na tsaurin karafa, latsa kuma m sintering. Kamar wancan ne aka shirya wani babban yawan technologically muhimmanci gami ciki har da tungsten carbide, da aikace-aikace da aka yafi samu a masana'antu samar da yankan kayan aikin da babban iko juriya.

Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties

Tungsten - tsaurin kuma nauyi karfe azurfa da girma-tsakiya raga.

• Narkewa batu - 3422? C.
• Tafasar batu - 5555? C.
• Yawa - 19,25 g / ^cm3.

Shi ne mai kyau shugaba na lantarki. Ba maganadiso. Wasu ma'adanai (kamar scheelite) mai kyalli.

Resistant zuwa rinjayar acid, lalatattu kayan a high zazzabi muhallin, lalata da kuma tsufa. Deactivation m rinjayar impurities a karfe, kyautata na ta zafi juriya, lalata juriya da kuma ma na taimaka wa AMINCI tungsten. Yin amfani da wannan ƙarfe-carbon gami wajaba su processability da abrasion juriya.

Inji da fasaha Properties

Tungsten - m, m karfe. Its taurin ne 488 HB, tensile ƙarfin - 1130-1375 Mpa. Lokacin da sanyi, ba roba. A zazzabi na 1600? C qara ductility zuwa cikakken yarda matsayi to matsa lamba jiyya: ƙirƙirãwa, mirgina, da jawo. An sani cewa 1 kg na karfe thread damar yin jimlar tsawon na 3 km.

Machining wuya saboda matsanancin taurin da brittleness. Hakowa, juya, milling volframokobaltovye amfani carbide kayan samar da foda metallurgy. Kadan sau da yawa, a low gudu, da kuma yanayi na musamman da ake amfani da daga high gudun karfe kayan aikin gami da tungsten. Standard sabon ka'idojin ba m, tun da kayan aiki da sauri sosai sa fitar da sarrafa tungsten fasa. Irin wannan dabaru ne:

1. Chemical lura da impregnation na surface Layer, ciki har da yin amfani da azurfa da wannan manufa.
2. Dumama surface amfani Tanderu, gas harshen wuta, da lantarki na 0.2 A. The halatta zazzabi a wanda akwai wasu karuwa a ductility kuma, sabili da haka, inganta sabon, - 300-450? C.
3. Yankan tungsten amfani fusible abubuwa.

Wasa da nika da aka advantageously da za'ayi tare da taimakon lu'u-lu'u da kuma CBN kayan aikin, akalla - corundum.

Welding na tsaurin karfe aka yi, yafi karkashin mataki na lantarki baka, tungsten, ko carbon lantarki a inert gas ko ruwa yanayi kariya. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a yi amfani da juriya waldi.

Wannan musamman sinadari yana da halaye, wanda ya bambanta da total nauyi. Saboda haka, misali, shi ne halin high zafi juriya da kuma ci juriya, shi inganta ingancin da kuma yankan Properties na doped tungsten steels, kuma high narkewa zafin jiki damar samar da filament fitilu kuma don wayoyin domin waldi.

aikace-aikace

Rarity, asali da kuma muhimmancin da hanyar fadi da yin amfani da fasahar zamani daga karfe kira Tungsten - tungsten. Kadarorin da aikace-aikace zuwa baratar da babban kudin da bukatar. High narkewa zafin jiki Manuniya, taurin, ƙarfi, zafi juriya da kuma juriya ga sinadaran hari da kuma lalata, da kuma sa juriya da yankan siffofin - cewa ta babban cards. Yi amfani da lokuta:

1. filament.
2. Alloying steels domin ya sami high-gudun, sa-resistant, zafi-resistant da zafi-resistant baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami, wanda sami aikace-aikace don samar da drills da kuma sauran kayan aikin, punches, marẽmari kuma leaf marẽmari a dogo.
3. Production na "foda" m gami amfani da farko a matsayin musamman ci-resistant sabon, hakowa ko latsa kayan aikin.
4. Wayoyin for TIG da kuma juriya waldi.
5. Ƙiren ƙarya cikakkun bayanai don X-ray, kuma rediyo aikin injiniya, daban-daban fasaha fitilu.
6. Musamman mai bayyanãwa Paint.
7. Waya da kuma sassa na sinadaran masana'antu.
8. Daban-daban m kananan abubuwa, misali, jig kama kifi.

Samun shahararsa daban-daban gami, wanda sun hada da tungsten. Field na aikace-aikace na irin kayan da wani lokacin mamaki - daga nauyi aikin injiniya da kuma haske karewa masana'antu inda yadudduka ake kerarre da musamman Properties (msl, wuta).

M kayan da basu wanzu. Kowane sani kashi da kuma fara gami suna bambanta da su na musamman, da kuma bukatar wasu yankunan na rayuwa da kuma masana'antu. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikinsu suna da takamaiman Properties cewa yin yiwu da matakai baya unfeasible. Wata irin wannan ƙarfe shi ne tungsten. Its amfani ba yadu a matsayin cewa daga karfe, amma kowane embodiment ne musamman da amfani da kuma dole ne a kan mutãne.