Tsari da kuma aiki na DNA da RNA (Table)

Sananne ne cewa duk siffofin da suke zaune al'amari, daga ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma kawo karshen hakan dabbobi (ciki har da mutane) da musamman hereditary inji. Ya aka wakilta kwayoyin na iri biyu nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic da ribonucleic. A cikin wadannan kwayoyin abubuwa shigar wanda ke aiki bayanin da aka wuce daga iyaye zuwa zuriya mutane a haifuwa. A cikin wannan takarda, mun yi nazarin yadda tsarin da kuma aiki na DNA da RNA a cikin cell, kazalika da la'akari da hanyoyin da cewa underlie da matakai na watsa daga hereditary Properties na rai al'amari.

Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da kaddarorin nucleic acid, ko da yake suna da wasu na kowa siffofin, duk da haka, bambanta ƙwarai a tsakãninsu. Saboda haka muka kwatanta da DNA da RNA ayyuka da za'ayi da wadanda biopolymers a sel daban-daban kungiyoyin na kwayoyin. Tebur gabatar a cikin takarda zai taimake ka ka fahimci abin da muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance tsakanin su.

Nucleic acid - hadaddun biopolymers

Binciken a fagen ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da cewa ya faru a farkon karni na ashirin, musamman, kwafi na tsarin deoxyribonucleic acid, da samar da kuzari ga bunkasuwar zamani cytology, jinsi, fasahar binciken halittu da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya. Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na Organic sunadarai DNA da RNA ne high kwayoyin abu ya kunshi maimaita raka'a - monomers, wanda kuma ake kira nucleotides. An sani cewa suna juna ta samar da wata da'ira iya sarari kai-ƙungiya.

Irin wannan DNA macromolecules sukan hade tare da takamaiman sunadaran da ciwon musamman Properties kuma kira histones. Nucleoprotein gidaje samar da musamman Tsarin - nucleosomes, wanda, bi da bi, wani bangare ne na chromosome. Nucleic acid na iya zama duka a cikin nucleus din da kuma a cikin cytoplasm na sel, kasancewa yanzu a cikin abun da ke ciki na wasu daga ta wasu gabbansa, kamar mitochondria ko chloroplast.

A sarari tsarin da abu gadar hali

Don gane da aiki na DNA da RNA, shi wajibi ne don fahimta, daki-daki peculiarities na tsarin. Kamar yadda da sunadarai, nucleic acid halin da dama matakan na kungiyar na macromolecules. A farko tsarin da aka wakilta polynucleotide, sarƙoƙi da sakandare da kuma manyan sanyi samouslozhnyayutsya tasowa ta hanyar covalent dangane da irin. A musamman rawar da a rike da na sarari siffar da kwayoyin nasa hydrogen shaidu, Van der Waals sojojin da interactions. A sakamakon haka ne karami tsarin DNA, da ake kira superspiral.

Monomers nucleic acid

Tsari da kuma aiki na DNA, RNA, sunadarai, da kuma sauran hanyoyin gudanar da polymers dogara duka biyu a kan ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na macromolecules. Da iri nucleic acid an yi sama da tsarin abubuwa kira nucleotides. Kamar yadda muka sani daga cikin shakka daga sunadarai, tsarin da al'amari dole shafi ta aiki. DNA da RNA ba togiya. Sai dai itace cewa a kan nucleotide abun da ke ciki dogara a kan tsari na acid da kanta da kuma da rawar a cikin cell. Kowane monomer kunshi sassa uku: a nitrogenous tushe, a carbohydrate da kuma sauran orthophosphoric acid. Akwai nau'I hudu na nitrogenous kwasfa na DNA: adenine, Bibyun, taimain da saitosin. A RNA kwayoyin, su ne, bi da bi, adenine, Bibyun, saitosin, da uracil. Carbohydrate wakilta iri daban-daban pentose. A ribonucleic acid ne ribose kuma a DNA - ta deoxygenated form, da ake kira deoxyribose.

Features na deoxyribonucleic acid

Da farko mu dubi tsarin da kuma aiki na DNA. RNA da ciwon da sauki sarari sanyi, za a yi nazari a cikin gaba sashe. Saboda haka, biyu polynucleotide strands aka gudanar tsakanin wani akai-akai maimaituwa hydrogen shaidu kafa tsakanin nitrogen sansanonin. A kamar wata "adenine - taimain," akwai biyu, kuma in wani biyu daga "Bibyun - saitosin" - uku hydrogen shaidu.

Conservative line purine da pyrimidine sansanonin da aka gano ta E. Chargaff da kuma zama da aka sani da manufa na complementarity. The guda sarkar nucleotides nasaba phosphodiester shaidu cewa an kafa tsakanin pentose saura na orthophosphoric acid da kuma m nucleotides. A karkace nau'i na biyu, sarƙoƙi yana kiyaye ta hydrogen shaidu cewa faruwa tsakanin hydrogen da oxygen kwayoyin halitta da cewa wani bangare ne na nucleotides. Higher - manyan tsarin (supercoil) - halayyar ga nukiliya DNA na sel eukaryotic. A wannan tsari shi ne ba a cikin chromatin. Duk da haka, kwayoyin da DNA dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da deoxyribonucleic acid ba a hade tare da sunadarai. An wakilta wani zobe-dimbin yawa tsari da kuma aka kira a plasmid.

Yana yana da guda form DNA na mitochondria da chloroplast - wasu gabbansa, shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin. Sa'an nan kuma muka gano, abin ne bambanci tsakanin wani aiki na DNA da RNA. Tebur a kasa, nuna mana da bambance-bambance a cikin tsari da kuma kaddarorin nucleic acid.

ribonucleic acid

The RNA kwayoyin kunshi guda polynucleotide tufka (sai dai biyu-stranded tsarin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta) cewa zai iya zama duka a cikin nucleus din da kuma a cikin cytoplasm na cell. Akwai da dama iri RNA cewa bambanta tsakanin wani gini da dukiyoyinsu. Saboda haka, Manzo RNA yana da mafi kwayoyin nauyi. An hada a cikin cell nucleus din a daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittu. MRNA aiki - don canja wurin bayanai a kan abun da ke ciki na gina jiki daga tsakiya zuwa cytoplasm. Kai form nucleic acid dora monomers sunadaran - amino acid - da kuma kai su zuwa ga site na biosynthesis.

A karshe, ribosomal RNA da aka kafa a cikin nucleolus da aka hannu a gina jiki kira. Kamar yadda ka gani, DNA da RNA ayyuka a salon salula metabolism ne bambancin kuma da muhimmanci sosai. Za su dogara ne da farko a kan Kwayoyin kwayoyin da suke abubuwa kwayoyin na gadar hali. Saboda haka, da cutar ribonucleic acid na iya zama wani m kayyade bayani, alhãli kuwa a sel eukaryotic kwayoyin wannan ikon yana da kawai deoxyribonucleic acid.

Aiki na DNA da RNA a cikin jiki

A da darajar nucleic acid, tare da sunadarai da suke da muhimmanci gudanar da mahadi. Su tsare da kuma aika hereditary halaye da halaye daga cikin iyaye da zũriyarmu mutane. Bari ta ayyana da bambance-bambance tsakanin juna ayyuka na DNA da RNA. Tebur a kasa nuna bambance-bambance a more daki-daki.

Mene ne halaye na ƙwayoyin cuta abu na gadar hali?

Virus nucleic acid na iya daukar nau'i na biyu aya, da kuma biyu-tufka spirals ko zobba. A cewar D.Baltimora rarrabuwa, wadannan abubuwa takaice dauke da DNA din ya kunshi daya ko biyu haihuwarka. Na farko da kungiyar hada pathogens na herpes da adenoviruses, da kuma na biyu ya hada da, misali, parvovirus.

The ayyuka na DNA da RNA ƙwayoyin cuta kunshi a shigar azzakari cikin farji nasu kwayoyin bayanai cikin wani cell, kwafi halayen kwayoyin dauke da kwayar nucleic acid, da kuma taro na gina jiki barbashi a cikin ribosomes da rundunar cell. A sakamakon haka, dukan cell metabolism ne gaba daya subordinated ga parasites cewa ninka hanzari, abu don tantanin halitta mutuwa.

RNA-dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta

A virology sanya rabuwar wadannan kwayoyin a cikin da dama kungiyoyin. Saboda haka, da farko nau'in kira guda-stranded (+) RNA. Su nucleic acid aikin guda ayyuka kamar yadda manzo RNA na eukaryotic Kwayoyin. A wani rukuni ya hada da guda-stranded (-) RNA. Na farko, su kwayoyin kwafi ya auku, da zai kai ga bayyanar da kwayoyin (+) RNA, da kuma waɗanda suke a cikin bi da bi, bauta a matsayin samfuri domin kwayar sunadaran.

Bisa ta gabatar ba, ga duk kwayoyin, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta, DNA da RNA ayyuka a takaice halin kamar: ajiya hereditary halaye da kuma kaddarorin kwayoyin da kara yaduwar da zurriyarsu.