Tritium - abin da yake da shi? tritium Weight

More kwanan nan, mutane sun gaskanta cewa zarra - cikkaken basa barbashi. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa shi kunshi wani tsakiya da kuma orbiting electrons. A wannan yanayin, tsakiyar ɓangare sake aka dauke basa da dukan. A yau mun san cewa shi ne ya yi sama da protons da neutrons. Haka kuma, dangane da yawan karshen, a daya kuma wannan abu na iya samun dama isotopes. Saboda haka, tritium - abin da yake da shi? Mẽne ne ga abu, yadda za a samu shi da kuma amfani da shi?

Tritium - abin da yake da shi?

Hydrogen - mafi sauki al'amari a yanayi. Idan muka magana game da ta fi kowa form, game da abin da more za a ce a kasa, ta zarra kunshi daya proton da daya electron. Duk da haka, shi kuma iya dauka da "karin" gaɓũɓuwa, wanda ake dan kadan musanyãwa da kaddarorin. Saboda haka, tritium tsakiya kunshi wani proton da biyu neutrons. Kuma idan tuna cewa shi ne mafi sauki nau'i na hydrogen - shi ne mafi m kashi a cikin sararin samaniya, wani abu game da "inganta" version of shi ba ya ce - a cikin yanayi, aka same shi a cikin kananan yawa.

Hydrogen isotope tritium (da sunan zo daga kalmar Helenanci "uku") da aka bude a 1934 da Rutherford, Oliphant da Harteck. Kuma a gaskiya, mun yi kokarin samun shi a tsawo sosai, kuma m. Nan da nan bayan da aka gano na deuterium da kuma nauyi ruwa a 1932, masana kimiyya ya fara duba wannan isotope ne ta kara ji na ƙwarai daga na bincike a cikin nazarin talakawa hydrogen. Duk da haka, duk da kome da kome, yunkurin kasance a banza - ko da a cikin mafi dabzar samfurori kasa samun ko da ambato na kasancewar wani abu da aka kawai zamar masa dole ya wanzu. Amma a karshen bincike ne har yanzu m - Oliphant hada rabi da taimakon m ruwa a Rutherford ta dakin gwaje-gwaje.

A takaice, tritium definition ne kamar haka: a rediyoaktif isotope na hydrogen, wanda tsakiya kunshi wani proton da biyu neutrons. Saboda haka, abin da muka sani game da shi?

A hydrogen isotopes

A farko kashi na lokaci-lokaci tebur ne a lokaci daya da ya fi kowa a duniya. A cikin yanayin da shi ya auku a cikin nau'i na daya daga cikin uku isotopes: protium, deuterium ko tritium. na farko core aka hada guda proton, wanda ya ba shi da sunan da. Af, wannan ne kawai barga kashi cewa yana da wani neutrons. A na gaba a cikin jerin hydrogen isotope ne deuterium. Da zuciyar ta zarra kunshi wani proton da wani neutron, kuma da sunan ya sami asali daga kalmar Helenanci "biyu."

aka kuma shirya a dakin gwaje-gwaje ko da mutum hydrogen isotopes da taro lambobi daga 4 zuwa 7. Period na rabin-lobes iyaka seconds.

Properties

Nukiliya tritium nauyi ne game da 3,02 wani. e. m. The jiki Properties wannan abu ne ba sosai daban-daban daga al'ada hydrogen, Ina nufin a karkashin al'ada yanayi ne mai haske gas ba tare da launi, dandano da wari, yana da babban thermal watsin. A zazzabi na game -250 digiri centigrade zama sauki da kuma ruwa colorless ruwa. A kewayo wanda shi ne located a Jihar tari ne quite kunkuntar. Da narkewa zafin jiki ne game da 259 digiri Celsius, kasa da hydrogen zama snegopodobnoy taro. Bugu da kari, wannan kashi ne quite mai narkewa a cikin wasu karafa.

Duk da haka, akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin Properties. Da fari dai, na uku isotope yana da ƙananan reactivity, kuma abu na biyu, tritium ne rediyoaktif kuma haka m. A rabin-rai na kawai a kan shekaru 12 da. A kan aiwatar da radiolysis shi dai da uku isotope na helium da electron watsi da antineutrinos.

liyafar

A yanayi, da tritium kunshe ne a cikin kananan yawa, kuma sau da yawa kafa a cikin sama yanayi a lõkacin da cosmic barbashi yi karo da, misali, nitrogen kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, akwai wani m Hanyar samar da wannan kashi da sakawa a iska mai guba na lithium-6 neutrons a nukiliya nukiliya.

Kira na tritium a juz'i, wanda Tã yi game da 1 kilogram, kudin game da $ 30 miliyan.

da yin amfani da

Saboda haka, da muka koya a little more game tritium - abin da shi ne da kuma da kaddarorin. Amma me ya sa aka bukace ta? Bari mu bincika a kasa. A cewar wasu kimomi da duniya kasuwanci bukatar tritium ne game da 500 grams a kowace shekara da aka kashe a kan soja bukatun for game 7 kilo.

Bisa ga American Institute for Energy da muhalli na Research, daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1996, 2.2 quintals na superheavy hydrogen samar a Amurka. Kuma a cikin 2003 jimlar reserves na kashi ne game da 18 kilo. Ga abin da ake da suka kasance sunã?

Da fari dai, tritium ake bukata domin tabbatar da fama damar makaman nukiliya, wanda, kamar yadda muka sani, har yanzu mallaka da wasu ƙasashe. Abu na biyu, ba tare da shi ba zai iya yi Fusion makamashi. Wani tritium amfani da wasu kimiyya karatu, misali, a fannin binciken kasa da shi Dates baya ga halitta ruwa. Wani dalili - ikon source na backlight hours. Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu ana gudanar da wani gwaji kan samar da radioisotope janareto ultra-low ikon, misali, masu auna sigina ga m samar da wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran cewa a cikin wannan harka da sabis rai na kusa da shekaru 20. A kudin irin wannan janareta zai zama game da daya dala dubu.

Kamar yadda asalin tsarabobi, akwai kuma key, sarƙoƙi da kananan adadin tritium ciki. Suka emit mai haske da kuma duba quite m, musamman idan ka san game da ciki abun ciki.

hadari

Tritium ne rediyoaktif, wanda ya bayyana wani ɓangare na da dũkiyarsu da kuma amfani. Its rabin rayuwa ne game da 12, game da shi, kafa helium-3 da electron watsi antineutrinos. A lokacin wannan dauki samar 18,59 kw makamashi beta barbashi da kuma rarraba a cikin iska. Man a titi iya ze m cewa rediyoaktif isotope da ake amfani da, misali, mu haskaka da hours, domin zai iya zama haɗari, ko ba haka ba? A gaskiya tritium wuya wani abu ya razana lafiyar dan adam, domin da beta barbashi an rarraba har zuwa 6 millimeters a kan aiwatar da lalata da kuma ba zai iya shawo kan matsalolin da protozoa. Duk da haka, wannan ba ya nufin cewa yin aiki tare da su ne gaba daya lafiya - wani ƙofar abinci, iska, ko sha ta hanyar fata zai iya kai ga matsaloli. Duk da yake a mafi yawan lokuta an sauƙi da hanzari excreted, wannan ba ko da yaushe haka al'amarin. Saboda haka, tritium - abin da shi ne cikin sharuddan da radiation Hazard?

kariya matakan

Duk da cewa low makamashi lalata da tritium ba da damar radiation yada tsanani, don haka beta barbashi ba za a iya shawo kan ko fata, ya kamata ka ba sakaci da lafiyar ka. Lokacin aiki tare da wannan isotope iya, ba shakka, bai yi amfani da radiation kariya kara, amma da ainihin dokoki, kamar rufaffiyar tufafi da kuma m safar hannu, dole ne ka madawwama ta. Tun da babban hatsarin tritium ne da ingestion, yana da muhimmanci a dakatar da aiki a wadda ta zama zai yiwu. Ga sauran, kome ya damu game da.

Idan, duk da haka, shi ne a manyan lambobin sa suna a cikin tsokoki na jiki, na iya samar da m ko na kullum radiation amai ya dogara da duration, kashi da kuma mita na daukan hotuna. A wasu lokuta, wannan cuta da aka samu nasarar bi da, amma m raunuka iya kai ga mutuwa.

A wani al'ada jiki yana da burbushi na tritium, ko da yake su ne gaba daya bai isa a kula da kamar wuya ya shafi cikin radiation bango. Amma tsakanin magoya na watches da luminous hannuwa sama da matakin 'yan sau, ko da yake har yanzu dauke hadari.

super-m ruwa

Tritium a matsayin al'ada hydrogen iya samar da sabon abubuwa. A musamman, shi shiga cikin kwayoyin da ake kira Super-nauyi (matakin matsakaicin nauyi) ruwa. A Properties na wannan abu ne ba ma daban-daban daga cikin saba H ₂ O. A kowane mutum da cewa tritiated ruwa ƙila za a hannu a cikin metabolism, shi yana da m high yawan guba da kuma aka nuna kwanaki goma, a lokacin da nama zai iya samun kyawawan babban mataki na daukan hotuna. Ko da yake wannan abu ne kasa hatsari a kanta, shi ne mafi hatsari a dangane da lokaci a lokacin da akwai a cikin jiki.