Subway rami. Metropolitan na Moscow

Classic rami karkashin kasa a Moscow da aka gina ba tare da wani data kasance shirin ba tare da shirin kara ci gaba da hanyoyi. Wannan ya haddasa wani hargitsi a cikin halittar kai tsarin, wanda yake can har wa yau. A halin yanzu gudana tawurin kowa dokoki, bisa ga daftarin aiki SNIP 32-02-2003.

Yana halitta wani boye kai tsarin?

A farko jirgin karkashin kasa rami, aka yanke shawarar fara ginin a shekarar 1931. Ƙirƙiri ayyukan a kan tushen da ma'aunan kasa data. Materials for ginin a lokacin da aka zaba daga kankare, wanda sun kasance tun.

subway rami da aka haƙa a cikin shekara, game da 2 miliyan cubic mita sufuri ga halittar dogon shafts. Game 88 dubu ton na karfe da aka kashe a bayar da damar gudanar hanyoyi da kuma} arfafa na vaults. A farko gine-gine na dauke da katako, tsarin da kuma sanye take da m rufi kayan.

Subway rami tabbatar da m aikin, shi ya ɗauki fiye da miliyan 800 rubles. Karfafa kankare arches aka daga baya maye gurbinsu kufai a karkara, amma a lokacin da za a rayayye amfani da farko version na ginin. Gangaren arches aka ƙarfafa baƙin ƙarfe tubing, na waterproofing kayan zabi yin rufi abu, kwalta, bitumen taped.

Irin wannan kayayyaki bukatar da hankali da kuma na yau da kullum ana gyara, wanda shi ne babu kasa m bayan ƙaddamar da abu. Metropolitan na Moscow da aka sawa a kan shekaru da ake bukata maimaitawa, daidai da kudin da kãyan wani sabon rami. Saboda haka, sabon ayyukan riga dauke da zaɓuɓɓuka saboda dawo da a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da kuma unsa da na zamani da gine-gine.

Materials for farkon jirgin karkashin kasa

Rami yi aka za'ayi karfafa kankare slabs, uwa wanda matsanancin yadudduka da tsakuwa, ƙasa samuwar. Vaulted ceilings samar high ƙarfi kuma AMINCI Tsarin. A bude wuraren boye hanyar yi lebur, rufi. Ganin rashin terrestrial kaya hanyar yi a cikin wani rectangular fashion.

Rami ci gaba da kullum. Moscow ne na girma, kuma Ya ƙãra bukatun ga fasinja sufuri. Materials baya yi bai kiyaye halin yanzu gudu da kuma tsanani da motsi na motoci. Amma madauwari siffar Tunnels har yanzu kiyaye wannan rana. Wannan tsari ne mai sauki kuma mafi m za a iya ware daga ruwa da gudana a kan kawunan 'yan kasa a lokacin tafiya a kan jirgin karkashin kasa.

Metropolitan na Moscow yana da dama matakan na kwanciya karkashin kasa. Wannan shi ne zama dole domin kauce wa mararraba Lines. A tsarin da kanta qunshi wani kai tsaye fasinjoji fara hawan yankin da kuma tafiya Tunnels. All rassan suna da alaka da miƙa mulki cewa facilitates motsi a tsawon nisa ta hanyar hadaddun hanya.

The na'urar jirgin karkashin kasa

Subways jirgin karkashin kasa tashoshin suna baka-dimbin yawa arches kama Tunnels. Inda aka sanye take da wani dandali ga takardar da ya sauka daga fasinjoji, kafa goyon bayan ginshikan. Yana kuma da za'ayi na sama na arcuate hanya.

Mu yi kokarin sanya dandali tsakanin waƙoƙi zuwa sauƙaƙe embarkation da disembarkation na fasinjoji. Duk da haka, wasu tashoshin har yanzu suna da gefen dandamali, irin damuwar da Station "Comintern". By kanta, da dandali sau da yawa dake ofishin sarari, akalla jure da su a cikin kararrawa part, inda a can ne mai zurfi matakin na kwanciya da waƙoƙi.

Subway Tunnels kawo karshen matattu karshen rassan, inda qagaggun ana ci gaba da motsi a gaban shugabanci. Akwai ma sauyawa daga karkatattun kwamin na tara najasa don adana motoci. A wasu hanyoyi deadlocks aka gina a tsakiyar-nesa jiragen kasa. Wadannan halin yanzu hanyoyi suna samuwa a tashar "Komsomolskaya", shi ne located in tsakiyar birnin. Wannan gwargwado wajibi ne a tabbatar da wani mafi tsanani motsi na jiragen kasa.

Features

Karkashin kasa jirgin karkashin kasa da aka ba aza a yawan matakan, wanda taimaka don tsara da tasiri da kwatance tsarin. Stations ne a cikin tafiya nesa da juna. Tana da zurfi dabam a cikin wadannan iyaka:

• Deep Tunnels - size lasafta daga dandali surface titi matakin da sostalyaet daga 16 zuwa 35 mita.
• Surface Tunnels an aza a zurfin 7 zuwa 9 mita.
• Tunnels talakawan zurfin aka shirya a wani matakin tsakanin 9 da 16 mita.

A tsawon na gyarawa tashoshin, tsara don 8 motoci. A fadin jeri daga 10 zuwa 21 mita, dangane da zurfin da Tunnels. Kowane dakin sanye take da gaggawa lighting a kan gaggawa. Norma guda lighting a tashoshin shirya bisa ga misali, da ke nuna da ake bukata na 100 Lux.

A nisa tsakanin tashoshin dabam daga 500 zuwa 1400 mita. Tunnels tare da lifts, kira a matsayin escalators, suna karkata a wani kwana na 30 digiri a kwance. Dumama da aka bayar da iska Tunnels kara ɗe zuwa tashoshin haka ware da yiwuwar sanyaya hanyoyi.

dakin ado

Wasu tashoshin kasance a cikin gine-gine da al'adunmu. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da kansa musamman hanya. Don gama a baya amfani kayan kamar dutse da marmara. Patterned surface cika ginshikan, ganuwar, arches. Aka hasken da m lighting maras motsi.

Railway Tunnels ne waypoint hanya kama da Metro. Idan so, wani al'ada mota iya amince bi karkashin kasa rassan. New jirgin karkashin kasa hanyoyi sau da yawa zoba da data kasance w / e hanyoyi, yin shi da sauki zamanintar da jirgin karkashin kasa da kuma bude sabon rassan.

Lighting na Tunnels a kusa da nan kowane lokaci. Don kawar kasawa sigina fitilu da ciwon ja da kore siginar da aka shigar a kan jirgin karkashin kasa. Haramta haske direba ba zai iya shawo kan. Yana bayar da auto-kulle tsarin lokacin da birki aka kunna da kansa tuntube a kan wani musamman karusa liba.

aiki da kai

Kai rami ne wani hadadden tsarin, sanye take da tanadi tsarin, m sunadaran da sarrafa na'urorin. A gefen da rami stretch guzuri da high DC ƙarfin lantarki na 825 volts. Samar da ake bukata darajar da musamman sub-tashar, located zurfi karkashin kasa.

A manyan karusa 4 sanye take da wani 150 kW mota. A birki na kowane mota gudu a kan pneumatics da lantarki drive. Aiki da tsarin samar da al'ada jirgin kasa zirga-zirga tare da maimaitawa tazara na 1,75 minti. Bugun daga kowane jirgin da aka kiyasta wani talakawan gudun kilomita 40 a kowace awa. A kalla zai yiwu ga kowane mota 75 km awa. Modern jiragen kasa zai iya bi da yawa sauri, amma shi bukatar da za a gina sabon tafiya line.

Zabuka don hanyoyin da za a zamanantar

Don mika sarrafawa damar Tunnels bukatar m dubawa da kuma kammala cikin ciki. An tsunduma a tabbatar kungiyoyi tare da m kwarewa a gudanar da irin wannan aiki. Domin wannan, da tabbatarwa daga vaults da Tunnels dauke da sassa.

Inganta ruwa juriya da kafuwar kuma kammala kayan. Kau da tara danshi a cikin na kowa hannun jari. Canza halaye na dab gona. Sauyawa daga sawa sassa na karfafa kankare. A saboda wannan dalili allurar mafita a cikin kafa rami, sabuwar waterproofing kayan, da kuma danshi-hujja shafi.

jihar iko

Don hana hatsarori ne kullum idanu kwamitin da za su iya dace gane voids a vaults, fasa a load-qazanta sassa na ganuwar da kuma kafuwar. Yan aukuwa Instrumentation taimako gane da karami na farko matakai a kankare, karfe sassa.

Domin arches Tunnels yana da muhimmanci a dakatar da kau da ƙasa rufe da matsanancin USAID bango. Don kawar da illar da yadu used allura Hanyar. M ruwa abun da ke ciki ne allura a cikin kafa sarari, canza Properties na gona. Lokaci guda, ciki saman na aiki kwashe vlagozaderzhivayuschimi abubuwa.