Soviet kwakwalwa: alama halaye. gida kwamfuta

Tarayyar Soviet suka shũɗe a wuya sosai hanya daga halittar farko tube amfani da tsauraran matakan da m kwakwalwa to supercomputers - high gudun, bisa Hadakar haihuwarka. Soviet kwakwalwa har yanzu aka gudanar, kuma za su iya aiki da kwararru a bangarori daban-daban na masana'antu, kimiyya, da kuma ba kawai shirye-shirye. Da bukatar wani m, m da m kwakwalwa fito a cikin tsakiyar seventies na karshe karni. Yana bukatar su da kuma soja masana'antu, da kuma wasu yankunan da tattalin arzikin kasar.

Micro-kwamfuta "Electronics"

Soviet kwakwalwa sun waɗanda suke a gabãninsu. Yana fara mafi kwakwalwa a sittin, sauki don amfani da fairly m motoci daga cikin jerin "Duniya". Suna yafi amfani ga aikin injiniya lissafin. By tsakiyar seventies, akwai microprocessors, kuma yana yiwuwa ya fara samar da "Elektronika NC" da "Electronics C5" - duniya micro-kwamfuta. Suna da, a da yawa hanyoyi kasance kusa da wani sirri kwamfuta, amma da farko Soviet kwakwalwa aka yi amfani ne kawai a samar da - da su taimako iko da tsari, kayan aiki da sauransu.

A cikin marigayi seventies shestnadtsatibitnyh saki tebur kwakwalwa fara a kan wani m sikelin - isasshe iko da kuma m. Yana model kamar "Electronics T3-29" da "Iskra 1256", tsara domin soja, kazalika da mafi sauki model - "walƙiya 226", "Electronics RS-28" da sauransu. A farkon eighties shestnadtsatibitnyh tushen guda-board microcomputer da kuma misali tashoshi samar analogs m kwamfuta tsarin - DCK.

Mid-eightieth

A Tarayyar Soviet ta fara taro samar da janar-manufa kwakwalwa kamar EU-1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "Agate", "Microsha". Computer jurewa m ci gaba a kasar mu, kuma wannan tsari ya ci gaba har sai da Tarayyar Soviet ta watse. By farkon nineties, samar da dama model.

Soviet kwakwalwa kasance iri-iri na azuzuwan da kuma fannonin tsarin gine-gine ciki har da IBM-jituwa da kuma ba tare da wani analogues a tsakanin biyu Soviet da kuma kasashen waje inji mai kwakwalwa. Alal misali, "Corvette" - kwamfuta kaucewa musamman da kuma "Lions PC-01", "Vector-06C" da kuma wasu wasu. Tun daga nan, a takaice lokaci a cikin tarihi na cikin gida da kwamfuta gini akwai mutane da yawa muhimmanci events, wanda shi ne mafi alhẽri a magana domin.

Kiev

Ku dubi baya. 1948 th, Feofania wuri, ba da nisa daga babban birnin kasar na Ukrainian SSR, a asirce dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda ya kulawa Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - Darektan Cibiyar lantarki da shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na Cibiyar Computer Engineering kuma takamaimai makanikai da Academy of Sciences da Ukraine. An can a lokacin halitta a kananan lantarki sarrafa kwamfuta inji (SECM). Yana Lebedev samarwa, wajaba a kansa kuma aiwatar - ko da kuwa da Neumann - ka'idodi na aiki na kwamfuta shirin adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar.

Farko da ya halitta da na'ura da ƙwaƙwalwar, ilmin lissafi raka'a, kazalika da shigar da na'urori, fitarwa iko. Ta ya iya encode da kantin sayar da shirye-shirye a ƙwaƙwalwar, kamar yadda lambobin. Ta amfani da binary tsarin to encode dokokin da kuma lambobin, da kuma ta atomatik aikin da lissafin. Yana da aka samu halartar da kuma ilmin lissafi da kuma dabaru shirye-shirye. Ta yi gina ajiya a wani matsayi iri. Yana yi sauki don amfani na lissafi da hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi. Design, da kafuwa da kuma debugging aka sanya a cikin shekaru biyu, wata tawagar da goma sha bakwai mutane - biyar masu gyara da kuma goma sha biyu masu bincike. A samfurori da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 1950, kuma a shekarar 1951 ya fara yau da kullum aiki. Yana fara a matsayin Soviet kwakwalwa.

mafi Kiev

1965 - shekara na halittar inji for injiniya lissafin Computer "DUNIYA", Developers na abin da suke bincike daga Kiev Cibiyar Cybernetics - Glushkov, Gaske Shelar, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. A lokaci guda ga na'ura da aka aiwatar a kan mikrokomandnom matakin shirye-shirye da harshen - Almir-65. A kwamfuta da aka iya samar da wasu dubbai daga ayyukan da na biyu, da shigar da fitarwa data amfani da wani lantarki bugun tafireta adanar memory a kan ferrite tsakiya da kuma na waje - a kan ƙulli tef.

A shekara ta 1969, ya fara nuna sirri kwamfutar "Mir-2", kafa a wannan wuri, a Kiev. Sai ya juya daga wani kyautata model, shi sarrafa fiye da sau goma sauri fiye da baya. Yana da aka ƙara da kuma m, kuma RAM. Yanzu kwakwalwa da aka haɗa ta Bugu da kari ga ƙulli tef da bugun tafireta vector hoto nuni da ciwon wani haske alkalami da Magnetic cards. Shirye-shirye da harshen zama wani kwararre - za a iya ce wa "jikan" Almir-65.

microprocessors

A shekara ta 1974 ya fito da farko Soviet microprocessors - bangaranci model tare firmware iko da lamba huɗu ko takwas na lambar sashe. Series K532, alal misali, aka halin low ikon amfani, fadi da kewayon samar voltages da gudu of har ɗari biyu da dubu hamsin ayyukan da na biyu.

A K536 jerin siffofi da low cost da fasahar, don haka ba ma high ikon amfani, amma ba haka aka sauri. Bisa ga K532 kit nan da nan hexadecimal microcomputers aka bayar ( "Elektronika NC"), da kuma K536 ya tushen serial samar na farko Soviet duniya micro-kwamfuta "Electronics C5" hexadecimal ma.

bas-taye

Ya na farko Soviet kwamfuta! Bangaranci microprocessors an dauke alamar saboda shi damar da su don ƙirƙirar kwamfuta na tushen na wani bit zurfin takwas zuwa talatin da biyu. A lokacin da wannan aka gane ta wajen wani umurni tsarin management firmware.

Amma daga baya, da ƙarshen eighties, microelectronics hanzari ɓullo da su damar, da kuma Soviet kwamfuta masana'antu da aka reoriented zuwa kasashen waje analogues kwakwalwa. Universal bangaranci sarrafawa an matse guda guntu model. Duk da haka, na dogon lokaci amfani da bas-taye, musamman a cikin soja masana'antu.

Soviet kwamfuta

A 1977, samun digiri na takwas bit guda-guntu microprocessor K580VM80A, wanda ya cikakken analogue na sosai sanannun model Intel 8080. Wannan processor ba za a yi amfani da mainframe, shi da aka yi amfani da iko da micro-kwakwalwa, micro-rinjãya, peripherals kuma ji dabaru - da yawa aikace-aikace yankunan. Duk da haka, shi ya cheap da sauki, amma saboda babu daya Soviet masu karatu na mujallar "Radio" ya gina a kan ta da asali a gida kwamfuta.

Performance ya kasance m, da tsarin umurtar duniya, sabili da haka ya zama microprocessor daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Bugu da kari ga sirri kwamfuta, ya kusanta da yawa wasu microprocessor na'urorin, don haka a karo na biyu da rabi daga cikin eighties na karshe karni, wannan processor an yi amfani a kusan ɗari da model na Soviet motoci - wannan gida kwamfuta, da kuma horo, da kuma ba da wani sana'a model.

"Lantarki-60"

hexadecimal micro-kwamfuta high-gudun "Electronics-60" an haife shi a shekarar 1978. Bisa ga umarnin tsarin "Electronics-60" ya jituwa da Dec PDP-11 / LSI-11 - American kwakwalwa. Performance - har zuwa miliyan daya ayyukan da na biyu. Irin wannan inji da aka yi amfani da a samar, sarrafa da tsari, ya dauki wuri a cikin CNC da kuma - mafi muhimmanci - mai tsawo da kuma gaskiya aikin a kimiyya da kuma tsaron tattalin arziki.

A shekarar 1983, a mujallar tare da wani miliyan kofe na "Radio" da aka buga wani mai son kwamfuta makirci "Micro 80" tare da processor K580IK80A, cewa shi ne mataki na farko a cikin wani m mai son rediyo sha'awa microprocessor da kwamfuta fasaha. A wannan lokacin, da Soviet sirri kwamfutar sun iya aiki tare da wani tef rakoda ga adanar bayanai da kuma shirye-shirye, da kuma tare da wani TV cewa aiki a matsayin mai saka idanu.

ban sha'awa gaskiyar

Shi ne da taimakon "Electronics-60", a 1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym duk fi so game "Tetris" da aka rubuta. Ana tsunduma a cikin kwamfuta na tsakiya na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet magana ya san kuma sauran matsaloli na wucin gadi da hankali, shi ne sau da yawa amfani a cikin aikin da wuyar warwarewa domin Gudun na wani ra'ayin.

Daga baya, wasan da aka sake rubuta domin IBM PC a cikin harshen Turbo Pascal shirye-shirye da kuma sanya shi goma sha shida Soviet makaranta - Vadim Gerasimov, wanda a yanzu na zaune a cikin Australia da kuma aiki a Google.

A farko nazari Informatics

A cikin eighties, da aka ɓullo da kuma fito da tsari na qwarai, da cewa shi ne m duniya sirri kwakwalwa domin gida da kuma makaranta amfani. Yana da aka, ba shakka, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", inda raguwa na BK kaddamarda gida kwamfuta. A wannan lokacin, shi ya ba tukuna a duniya na sirri kwamfutar a cikin hexadecimal sarrafawa.

Mene ne na musamman game da shi? ASICs da wani babban mataki na hadewa - ƙofar iri-iri, wanda aiki a matsayin mai kula da nuni, keyboard, memory, kuma yafi. Yana amfani da harshe interpretaror "jagora". Goyan bayan monochrome high-ƙuduri graphics da kuma Hudu launi. Wadannan su ne na farko da motoci Fitted da kwamfuta kimiyya binciken, da zũriyarsu har 1993 aiki a matsayin babban iyali da kuma ilimi kwakwalwa a cikin tarayyar Soviet.

Akademgorodok

Novosibirsk makaranta sun a da hannu a cikin kwamfuta na tsakiya na Siberian Branch da Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences, kuma tare da su kai tsaye hallara bayyana software tsarin for makarantu, da ake kira - "School Girl" for "Agate" sirri kwamfuta. Ta yi aiki tare da "Rapier" da "Robic" shirye-shirye harsuna, ya hada da wani zana tsarin "takobi" da kuma wani m iri-iri na kunshe da horo shirye-shirye.

"Agate" - brainchild na shekarar 1984, ya dauki farko serial PC, jituwa tare da Apple II + kuma wakiltar riga mai tsanani PC RAM a wani ɗari da ashirin da takwas kilobyte floppy faifai tafiyarwa, da kuma wani launi duba, nuni goma sha shida launuka. Shi ne a cikin shekara ta 1984, kwamitin tsakiya plenum soma wani ƙuduri, bayan wanda ya fara da walwa na makaranta ilimi.

watershed shekara

A shekarar 1985, dukan ƙasar ji ba watse, ba gyara, kuma shi zai iya ba amma shãfe da kwamfuta Sphere. Mutane da yawa wurin hutawa model Soviet kwakwalwa da aka ɓullo da a lokaci guda. Developing quite nasarar ci-gaba shestnadtsatibitnye "Electronics", sabon DVK model sun jituwa tare da IBM Soviet kwakwalwa. Musamman halayyar wannan lokaci trohprotsessornaya "Istra-4816" - har zuwa hudu megabytes na RAM, da kuma a aljihu kalkuleta hexadecimal "Elektronika MK-85".

Amma bai dakatar da aiki da kuma a kan PC, ga abin da dalilin ne sauki takwas-bit sarrafawa. Saboda haka akwai abin koyi "gwani", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Computers sun bane. Shin haka yana nufin cewa su ne bad? No. Daga cikin takwas-model shi ne kawai ban mamaki, duk da cewa da processor ne dan kadan m. Alal misali, "Corvette" - da kwamfuta kawai lafiya.

"Microsha" da sauransu

The kwamfuta na mafi m da wadanda suka daga Soviet gida sirri motocin - shi ne guda takwas-bit "vector-06C". Sake, da mujallar "Radio" da aka buga da dama haihuwarka na microcomputer "Radio 86RK" ga shekara 1986 da kuma wannan tsari ba haka sauki da cewa nan take tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa. Bayyana analogs, da kuma bambance-bambancen karatu, cikinsu kasance da dama daga cikin wadannan, wanda sun samu masana'antu samar. Alal misali, "Microsha" - kwamfuta tare da wani m sunan. "Radio 86RK" da kyau a hade tare da "Micro-80", Saboda haka shi ya bayyana.

Daya daga cikin manyan PC for nazari - "Corvette". A kwamfuta da aka sosai rikitarwa da kuma Multi-aikin, duk da takwas-bit. RAM ne kananan - kawai 257 KB, amma ga wadanda sau shi ne mai kwazazzabo adadi. Bugu da kari, launi graphics da wani ƙuduri high isa - 512h256 maki, hardware hanzari, video kula rubutu, sauti janareta - IBM PC analog, LAN, linzamin kwamfuta, joystick, printer, faifai drive - duk da wannan, kuma mafi aka asali envisaged. Daidai da kyau ya kasance da mai son "Orion-128", kuma takwas halitta kusa Moscow rediyo mai son Vyacheslav Safronov da abokansa. A shekarar 1990, suka buga da ci gaban "Radio" mujallar.

A karshe kalaman

Tsakiyar eighties aka alama ta wani m Yunƙurin a cikin gida kwamfuta ginin, akwai wata babbar lamba na kyau asali ra'ayoyin. Yana da jũna - mai nasara! Amma akwai shi. Gorbachev ta Tarayyar Soviet da kuma rapprochement tattalin arzikin duniya bai jagoranci kasar zuwa ga ci gaba. A paradox - kishiyar ya faru. Domestic kwamfuta da lantarki a masana'antu ya rasa duk ta m nasarori.

Akwai wani m motsi a kan batun ya dade da aka m da kuma sauki model - bakan-jituwa. Duk da haka, cikin sauki model jituwa tare da IBM, yana kuma samar. Amma zalla Soviet ci gaban tsaya duk da 1992. All masana'antun switched zuwa guda duniya misali - fitowa kawai IBM-jituwa sirri kwakwalwa.

binciken

A cikin gida hardware yanke shawarar magana barnatar da a 'yan shekarun nan. Kawai game da Mũnãnan ayyuka da gurguzanci kuma mai shirya tattalin arzikin, a cikin abin da mu "bari har abada", amma game da gaskiyar cewa a cikin West, fasahar ta kasance mafi kyau, amma Rasha - Krivorukov da kwakwalwa ba zai iya yi.

Amma har yanzu, a zahiri duk na sama lamba Soviet kwakwalwa ba su ne mafi kyau aukuwa. Suna kawai sun mai tartsatsi ne. A gaskiya, da lantarki a Tarayyar Soviet ɓullo da quite a duniya matakin da a da yawa hanyoyi gaba na wannan masana'antu a kasashen yamma, abin da zai iya shaida ga soja da kuma sarari da shirye-shirye.