Shock far a Rasha a shekara ta 1992

Daya daga cikin shahararrun events a cikin gida tattalin arzikin wannan ƙarnin na karshe karni shi ne abin da ake kira buga far a Rasha (1992). A takaice, da kalmar na nufin wani sa na m matakan da nufin a reviving da tattalin arziki. A kasashe daban-daban, wannan kayan aiki da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na nasara. Kamar yadda ya bayyana buga far a Rasha (1992), abin da shi ne, abin da irin tasiri da ya kasance yin amfani da wannan hanya domin jihar? Wadannan da sauran al'amurran da suka shafi da za a yi kan batun binciken na mu.

Halaye na ra'ayi

Kafin juya zuwa cikakken bayani rakiyar sabon abu na buga far a Rasha, a 1992, bari mu gano a cikin mafi daki-daki, abin da ajalin nufi.

A core na buga far ne mai sa na m matakan, wanda aka tsara don taimakawa ga m mafita daga rikicin jihar. Amma, abin takaici, ba ko da yaushe, wadannan matakan suna da sakamako, wanda ake sa ran da su, da kuma a wasu lokuta, da bai dace ba yin amfani da su na iya ma tsananta halin da ake ciki.

Domin da hankula sa na ayyukan a lokacin buga far sun hada da:

• raguwa a da yawa na kudi a wurare dabam dabam.
• nan take aikace-aikace free farashin.
• tallafi na daidaita kasafin kuɗi.
• wani gagarumin raguwa a cikin kudi na kumbura.
• sayar da kamfanonin da wasu mallakar gwamnati Enterprises.

Shock far a Rasha (1992) ya ba da misali ne kawai na aiwatar da wannan kayan aiki a cikin tarihin duniya. Wannan sa na matakan amfani a qasashe daban-daban a matsayin farkon da daga baya.

Post-yaki Jamus da ba-rana Poland - daya daga cikin shahararrun misalai na nasara aikace-aikace na hanyar. Amma a cikin kasashen na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Latin America (Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela) buga far irin unequivocal bai yi nasara ba, ko da yake, babu shakka, a mafi yawan lokuta ba da gudummawar zuwa fitowan da kyau tattalin arziki tafiyar matakai. Quite nasara matakan kama wadanda ta rufe binciken mu, akwai lokatan a lokaci daya a Birtaniya, New Zealand, Isra'ila da kuma sauran ƙasashe.

Babban abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin Hanyar buga far aka dauke su ta universality da mun gwada da high kudi na samar da ake so sakamakon. A korau da fari, yana yiwuwa a gudanar da mun gwada da babban hadari da dakushe rayuwar a cikin gajeren lokaci.

baya events

Yanzu bari mu ga abin da ya faru a cikin tattalin arziki da kuma rayuwar siyasa, ko tilasta gwamnati da ta yi amfani da wani kayan aiki irin su buga far a Rasha (1992).

A ƙarshen 80 ta - farkon 90-ies aka alama ta irin wannan duniya al'amari, kamar yadda rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan sabon abu da aka jawo da wani yawan abubuwan, duka biyu siyasa da tattalin arziki.

Daya daga cikin manyan preconditions ga rushewar Tarayyar Soviet shi ne gazawar da na yanzu tattalin arzikin model, wanda aka bisa ga umurnin-administrative management. Da bukatar canje-canje a cikin Soviet gwamnatin gane a cikin tsakiyar 80s. A saboda wannan dalili, da hadaddun tattalin arziki da sake fasalin harkokin, da aka sani da "perestroika" da aka gudanar, wanda aka nufin tsarin dimokuradiyya na al'umma da kuma bullo da abubuwa na kasuwar sunadaran a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Amma wadannan sauye-sauye suka rabin-zuciya, kuma ba zai iya warware matsalolin da suka tara, amma kawai aggravated halin da ake ciki.

Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki a Rasha ya fara deteriorate fi, wanda ya hada da gudummawar da wani decoupling na tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin. Wasu masana, kamar mataimakin firaministan kasar a fannin tattalin arziki Policy Egor Gaydar yi imani da cewa Rasha ne kan gab da yunwa saboda abinci interruptions.

A gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin Borisom Eltsinym, san da cewa kasar da ake bukata nan da nan m tattalin arzikin, da kuma rabin mudu ba zai taimaka a halin yanzu jihar na abubuwa. Kawai ta hanyar daukar m matakan iya inganta tattalin arzikin kasar. Shock far a Rasha a shekarar 1992 kawai ya zama wani kayan aiki da aka yi nufi ga kawo Jihar rikicin.

farko matakai

A mataki na farko, wanda aka kaddamar da buga far a Rasha (1992), shi ne walwalar na farashin. Wannan na nufi da samuwar wani darajar kaya da kuma ayyuka ta hanyar kasuwar sunadaran. The wuya daga cikin halin da ake ciki sa a gaskiyar cewa har sai da aka yi amfani da samuwar jihar tsari na farashin domin mafi yawan kayayyakin, don haka kwatsam miƙa mulki ga free farashin da aka quite karfi tura zuwa tattalin arzikin na da dukan ƙasar.

Magana game da yiwuwar gabatarwar free farashin fara samun koma baya ga wani daga Tarayyar Soviet a cikin marigayi 80s, amma tsanani matakai a cikin wannan shugabanci, shi ba ya zo. A halin da ake ciki da aka wuya da cewa akwai wata tambaya game da yiwuwar samuwar free farashin a cikin yanayi na tattalin arziki model, wanda a wancan lokaci ya wanzu a Rasha.

Duk da haka, a watan Disamba na shekarar 1991, sai aka karɓa daga Gwamnatin RSFSR a kan walwalar na farashin, wanda ya dauki sakamako daga farkon Janairu 1992. Wannan ya fi mayar da wani ya tilasta mataki, tun da gabatarwar da matakan asali shirya tsakiyar shekarar 1992. Amma da abinci da matsaloli ta yunwa, tilasta sauri tare da yanke shawara. Saboda haka, kaddamar da wani kunshin matakan, da za a da aka sani da buga far a Rasha (1992) da aka bai.

Matsalar da karancin abinci da kuma sauran kaya kayayyakin da aka shawo kan, amma gabatarwar free farashin ya fara hyperinflation, wanda ya kai ga wani gagarumin raguwa a real albashi har ma da impoverishment na wasu segments na al'umma.

Canje-canje a waje cinikayya

Price walwalar shi ba ne kawai bidi'a a cikin lokaci. A lokaci guda shi ya faru da kuma walwalar na waje cinikayya. A rashin daidaituwa farashin a cikin gida da kuma na kasa da kasa kasuwa ya kai ga cewa kungiyar tsunduma a waje cinikayya ya fara yin babban riba. Ba ta kasance ba m da su zuba jari a samar, da kuma tafiyar da a resale na raw kayan. Wannan ya haddasa wani karuwa a cin hanci da rashawa da kuma maida hankali gagarumin babban birnin kasar a hannun mutane, da suke daga baya za a kira oligarchs.

Tashin kumbura, sha musantawa aikata laifi da kuma cin hanci da rashawa ƙirƙirar jin cewa buga far a Rasha (1992) - ita ce hanya zuwa Abyss.

Gaidar gwamnati

Babban tuki da karfi a baya da sake fasalin wani matashi dan siyasa Yegor Gaidar, wanda alternately gudanar da matsayi na mataimakin firaministan kasar da harkokin tattalin arziki, ministar kudi da kuma mataimakin shugaban farko na gwamnatin. Tun Yuni 1992, saboda gaskiyar cewa Rasha shugaba ba zai iya hada more kuma post na Firayim Ministan, Yegor Gaidar aka nada mukaddashin na hukuma. The hukuma hada da irin kyautatawa da Vladimir Shumeyko, Alexander Shokhin, Andrei Nechayev, Grigoriy Hizha, Anatoly Chubais, Peter awen, da sauransu.

A da gwamnatin, kallafa tare da dauke da fitar da mafi muhimmanci ga Rasha da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin.

Babban matakai na gwamnati

Bari mu dubi cikin muhimman matakai dauka da gwamnati da Rasha na lokacin don gudanar da sauye-sauye. Bugu da kari ga walwalar na farashin da kuma kasashen waje cinikayya, a nan sun hada da rikidar da shirya tattalin arzikin da jihar domin, gabatarwar kasuwar ka'idodinta huldar cinikaiya, da samuwar da haraji sabis, don tabbatar da convertibility na ruble, da lamuni na free cinikayya, akan rage kasafin kudin ciyarwarsu, gabatarwar da haraji tsarin, da kuma more.

Za mu iya cewa a wannan lokacin ya kafa babban farawa maki ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin da wani zamani.

sayar da kamfanonin

Daya daga cikin ka'idojin da Hanyar buga far ne da kamfanonin na jihar Enterprises. Ko da yake ta juya en sun mayar kawai, a 1993, bayan da murabus na Egora Gaydara, amma cewa ofishin ya aza harsashin ginin wannan muhimmin taron da kuma kayyade ainihin matakai don cimma burin.

da sayar da kamfanonin dokar da aka wuce a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1991, amma kawai tun farkon na shekara suka fara samar da hanyoyin da aiwatar da wannan tsari. A farko lokuta na sayar da kamfanonin na jihar dukiya ne shawagi a shekarar 1992. A mafi fadi lokacinta shi samu a 1993-1995: Ya rike. A wannan lokaci, da shugaban jihar Property kwamitin ya Anatoly Chubais, don haka shi yana tare da sunansa ake dangantawa da sayar da kamfanonin, da kuma na farko na duk ta mummunan sakamakon. Me ya sa?

A peculiarity na Rasha da kamfanonin ne cewa shi zai iya zama a bude ga duk 'yan ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin abin da musamman irin Securities aka bayar a kan hannayensa - baucoci, ko baucoci. Yana da aka zaci cewa, wani dan kasa za su iya saya ɓangare na kamfanin, wanda shi ne batun cire daga jama'a dukiya.

A kamfanonin na jihar dukiya ya kasance wani ɓangare na inji ta wanda za'ayi a buga far a Rasha (1992). ta tashi da samun m shubuha. A daya hannun, a jihar ya iya rabu da mafi yawan asarar-yin Enterprises, haka yantar da kudi ga sauran kasafin dalilai, amma a lokaci guda ga wani song sayar wasu kungiyoyi, wanda zai iya kawo babba riba ga kere shugabanci. Yawancin wadannan kamfanonin sun mayar da hankali a hannun wani karamin rukuni na oligarchs.

Gaidar ta gwamnatin murabus

Amma ga gyara, da hauhawar farashin kaya ba rage gudu su gudu, da kuma real rayuwar 'yan ƙasa kokari fadi. Wannan ya kai ga cewa Gaidar ta gwamnati aka ƙara rasa shahararsa a tsakanin yawan jama'a.

Gaidar ya mai yawa makiya tsakanin 'yan siyasa da kuma kasar nan katutu. Wannan ya kai ga cewa a watan Disamba 1992, Congress of Mutane ta wakilai, a gaskiya bayyana shakka daga shugaban gwamnatin. Shugaba Boris Yeltsin ya tilasta ka aika shi zuwa murabus daga dukan posts, da kuma shugaban kwamitin ministoci da aka nada Viktor Chernomyrdin.

Ina son a lura da wadannan: ko Gaidar gudanar da farin cikin rai ba dukan ra'ayoyin, amma janar hanya na ci gaba da kasuwar tattalin arzikin a jihar an kafa.

A sakamakon yin amfani da buga far

Quite shubuha sakamakon ga kasar shi ne aikace-aikace na tattalin arziki ginshiki a matsayin buga far a Rasha (1992). A ribobi da fursunoni a cikin gajeren lokaci ne a fili nuna a kan Yaduwar illa.

Daga cikin babban m events bukatar ware wani gagarumin karuwa a kumbura, iyaka a kan hyperinflation, wani m ƙi a cikin real albashi na 'yan kasa da kuma impoverishment na yawan jama'ar, da karuwa a cikin rata tsakanin daban-daban sassa na al'umma, fadowa zuba jari, raguwar GDP da kuma masana'antu samar.

A daidai wannan lokaci, da yawa masana yi imani da cewa shi ne ta hanyar amfani da buga far Rasha gudanar ya kauce wa mummunar agaji bala'i da yunwa.

Dalilan da gazawar

A zumunta gazawar da yin amfani da buga far a Rasha saboda gaskiyar cewa ba dukan abubuwa na gargajiya makirci aka bi daidai. Alal misali, buga far Hanyar unshi da rage daga cikin kumbura kudi, da kuma a Rasha, a maimakon haka, ya kai unprecedented rabbai kafin.

A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maye shi ne cewa, saboda da murabus na gwamnatin Gaidar yawa da sake fasalin ba a kammala a cikin mafi guntu yiwu lokacin, kamar yadda ake bukata da dabarun na buga far.

effects

Amma gaba daya kasa idan buga far a Rasha (1992)? Dogon lokacin da sakamakon da wadannan sauye-sauye har yanzu da dama tabbatacce points. kafuwar kasuwar inji aka shar'anta, wanda, ko da yake bai fara aiki a matsayin nagarta sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu, amma a yarda ya karya tare da tsohon umurnin-administrative hanyoyin da management, dogon-izzhivshimi kansu.

Bugu da kari, an kusan gama shawo kan irin wannan mummunan mamaki kamar yadda karanci, kuma ta farkon 1998 sun fi mayar rage cikin kudi na kumbura, wanda a yarda da ruble denomination.

Kwararru da yawa imani da cewa shi ne dace buga far, ko da idan ba a gargajiya nau'i, ya taimaka, wajen ci gaba da tattalin arzikin kasar da kuma halitta preconditions domin ta girma a farkon na XXI karni.