Finnish tattalin arzikin: masana'antu tsarin

Finland - zamani cikakken madaidaci da kusan mafi sosai iko a cikin Tarayyar Turai. Kuma wannan duk da cewa a cikin wannan kasa mafi ƙasƙanci yawan yawa a cikin EU, a sosai matsananci sanyi sauyin yanayi, tsawon nisa tsakanin matsugunai da kuma gagarumin rage mata halitta albarkatun da albarkatun kasa. Sun fi mayar saboda wannan, da Finnish tattalin arzikin yana fuskantar wani musamman tsanani dangane da inganci na shiyya siyasa, wanda aka kullum bari zamani kalubale hade tare da azumi isa, za ka iya ma ce da m tsufa, na yawan jama'ar da duniya.

Babban vectors

Kasar Suomi zaba ta hanya mai wuya, da nufin cimma kasa a raga, da tabbatarwa daga mai kyau gasa a duniya fagen fama, da kuma cikakken kyautata jindadin duk 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar. Don wannan karshen, da Finnish tattalin arzikin yau ne da nufin inganta tasiri na yankin raya kasa, wanda shi ne ya tabbatar da cewa kowane yankin na jihar ya iya cikakken saki gagarumin su boye m. A wannan batun, kasar ba Ya kula da rike ba kawai matalautan yankunan, amma kuma wasu yankuna domin inganta tattalin arziki hali da kuma juriya canza a duniya mataki. Wannan ne key matsayi na yanzu dabarun na Finnish gwamnatin.

tarihi bayanai

A tarihin ci gaban da Finnish tattalin arziki ne sosai tsauri da kuma kyau. Wannan kawai shi ne lokaci na 1960-1970 shekaru, a lokacin da ganiya kai matsakaicin yawan mutanen da suka aka haifa a cikin postwar lokaci. Sai a wannan lokaci da aka fi muhimmanci hijirarsa na aiki shekaru yawan m yankuna a cikin administrative da kuma masana'antu yankunan. A na gaba ashirin da shekaru, da Finnish tattalin arzikin ne mun gwada da barga kuma a ko'ina ci gaba. A jihar yana okin ya haifar da wani mafi kyau duka auna daga hanyoyi daban-daban don taimaka wajen samar da jami'a birane, larduna da garuruwa. A aikace, wannan sa a cikin halittar da ake kira fasaha kauyuka, wanda suka analogues suschestvuschey yanzu Amurka Silicon Valley - wani wuri inda tattara ganimar Asusun burinsu mafi kyau masana daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Kuma irin wannan fuskanta ne Finnish jagoranci ya kai ga cewa da yawa kamfanoni suna da gangan bi da a wadannan kauyuka domin samun sakamakon da ake bukata domin su bincike da ci gaban. Daya daga cikin mafi girma fasaha kauyuka ne Oulu, wanda ya iya ba da wani iko impetus ga ci gaban yankin.

matsaloli

Finnish tattalin arzikin samu wani rikicin a shekarar 1990, wanda aka baya bi a lokaci na dawo. Matsalolin a jihar da aka sa da cewa akwai wani bata lokaci ba, a ci gaban da mutane da aikin shekaru da haihuwa masana'antu yankunan, wanda ya jagoranci wani tsanani blurring daga cikin iyakokin da ake kira masana'antu Finland. Wannan halin da ake ciki bayar da wani m outflow na aiki daga kudu-maso-gabas Metropolitan yankin kasar. A wannan yanayin, da kewaye yankin na Helsinki girma cikin sauri da kuma yankin disparities kawai potihnonku karu.

A mafi daki-daki, a Uusimaa, Varsinais-Suomi, Pirkanmaa da Ostrobothnia Pohoys na tsawon 1994-2000 da ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka tsakanin 6.5% yayin da kasa kudi na 5%. Duk da haka, yankin-bambance kawai ya tsananta, da kuma rashin aikin yi girma. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a shekarar 1990, ta kudi ya 3.2% a kasar, da kuma a 1995 - riga 15%.

Period 2000

Sotsorientirovannaya Finnish tattalin arzikin a cikin farkon shekaru na 21st karni fara fuskanci kasa da bambanci, amma da shugabanni, da mãsu wanzuwa cikin sharuddan da ci gaban da yankin ya kasance iri guda. A fadin kudi na ci gaban tattalin arziki ya kai ga cewa ci gaban tattalin arziki Manuniya sun hada kai da kuma daidaita. Layi daya ga wannan, akwai ya kasance wasu slowing saukar da hijirarsa mutane a manyan ƙauyuka da kuma masana'antu cibiyoyin, kamar yadda da yawa Finns fuskanci abin da ake kira yawaitar: kansu na zamantakewa da sabis fara fuskanci gagarumin cunkoso, gidaje farashin sun kuma ƙara muhimmanci, kuma sun kasance musamman high ga mutane da yawa.

Duk wannan Azancin ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Trend mutane motsi zuwa unguwannin bayan gari da kuma sparsely lugar Municipality karu. Bugu da kari, 2012 ya da sauyi a wasu madaidaci, kamar yadda wani tsari na rage daga cikin aiki shekaru yawan shekaru 15-64 shekaru. A cewar masana, ta 2025 yawan mutanen da a kan 64 shekaru za su kara a babban birnin gundumar da 80% idan aka kwatanta da na yanzu matakan, da kuma Gabas ta Finland zai fuskanci wani karancin aiki, wanda, bi da bi, muhimmanci takura da masana'antu kansu a cikin m m ci gaba. Inganta cikin sharuddan da yawan mutane na aiki shekaru za a iya lura kawai a cinikayya, yawon shakatawa, kasuwanci, da kuma kiwon lafiya.

m al'amurran

Na m halaye na arewa na kasar ne da wadannan:

• A gaskiya, na Finnish tattalin arzikin.
• Zaman lafiyar harkokin siyasa.
• Sosai raya ababen more rayuwa.
• A AMINCI na sadarwa tsarin.
• Cikakken hulda tsakanin daban-daban data kasance sha'anin, bincike, fasaha cibiyoyin da kuma jami'o'i.
• The gudun cin gaban sabon kayayyakin da fasahar.
• A isasshen matakin ilimi da mazauna yankunan.
• Mafi kyau duka sauyin yanayi ga kasuwanci.

jama'a kansu

Mallakar gwamnati da kamfanonin samar da wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban kasar. A lokacin 1990s, an shafe irin kamfanonin sarrafawa da jihar, kamar: Cibiyar Public Administration, taswirar cibiyar, bugu da yawa wasu. Duk da haka halartar m sayar da kamfanonin da:

• "Carry" (refining da kuma sunadarai).
• "Fortum" (makamashi kansu).
• "Outokumpu" (masana'antu).
• "Valmet" (inji aikin injiniya).
• "Sampo" da "Sponda" (kudi ayyuka, dukiya).
• "Stora Enso" (katako, woodworking da kuma ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda masana'antu).

A lokacin da 1990-2000. Sayar da kamfanonin ya kawo wa jihar taskar 11 dalar Amurka biliyan.

masana'antu takamaiman

Finland (tattalin arzikin kasar a yau ne fuskantar hankali girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran na Tarayyar Turai) a matsayin manyan sassa na gandun daji, bayanai, sadarwa, metallurgy, makamashi, inji-gini, abinci aiki, yi masana'antu, da kuma kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da kasuwanci da sabis. Ya kamata a lura cewa harkokin noma, a cikin tsawon 1940-1950 ya kawo kasar fiye da 25% na babban kasa samfurin, kuma a cikin kwanaki - 3%. A farko matsayin tsere abin wuya, abin da ya haifar game da 60% na GNP. Up har 1980s, shi ya girma steadily da rabo daga masana'antu da tasiri, amma a yau ta rabo da ake gyarawa a kusa da 28%.

sake amfani da katako

Gandun daji - babban arziki na Finnish jihar. Daga cikin babban itace aiki da kamfanonin bayyana: UPM-Kymmene, Stora Enso da Metsä Group. Af, na duniya-sani kamfanin Nokia ya kuma fara ta kasuwanci da ayyukan da bude daga cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara niƙa, da kuma kawai a farkon shekarar 1990 yanke shawarar komawa cikin Sphere na sadarwa.

A lokacin shekara ta 2007, 10% na jimlar duniya fitarwa a matsayin gandun daji, don haka da ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda kayayyakin sun kasance a Finland. Kuma fitarwa darajar bugu takarda da dukan da aka daya cikin biyar na jimlar fitarwa.

Metallurgy da kuma injiniyan inji

Finland ta tattalin arziki a wannan sashi ne wakilta irin kamfanonin kamar:

• Sisu Auto - samar da manyan motoci da kuma musamman motocin ga mafi part ga bukatun da tsaro masana'antu.
• Wärtsilä - samar da injuna domin daban-daban damar tasoshi, da dunƙule-type sunadaran, like, kula da tsarin da sauransu.
• Wekman - m daga karfe tiles.
• Kone - samar lif, motsi walkways, escalators da fasinja lifts.
• Abloy - duniya shahara manufacturer na kulle tsarin, kwa'di, gine-gine da hardware, kwa'di, ciki har da electromechanical.
• Rautaruukki - manufacturer na karfe Tsarin for yi da kuma musamman steels.
• Outokumpu - samar bakin karfe.

Har ila yau, ya zo da gwaji samun kudin shiga farko jimla ma'adanai da ayyukan kamfanin, wanda aka izini da tsunduma a cikin ci gaban da most a Finnish ƙasa nickel nawa, located in Lapland. samar da kundin ne a cikin kewayon 10 ton miliyan a kowace shekara.

By karshen shekarar 2015, 121.000 mutanen da suka aikata a cikin aikin injiniya masana'antu. A fitarwa gefe, da shekara 2015 da aka quite nasara ga masana'antu. Kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallace amounted zuwa 12,6 kudin Euro biliyan.

The karfe masana'antu ne qware a samar da karfe. Wadannan sakamakon na 2015 Finland yana kan 31 th wuri a duniya cikin sharuddan total girma na narke daga karfe (3.9 ton miliyan). Karfe Mills gaba daya rufe da bukatun duk karfe ciki Jihar kasuwa.

sinadaran masana'antu

Ranked uku a cikin samuwar Finland ta GDP. sinadaran da samfurori ne a kimanin guda matakin a kasar tsawon shekaru da dama, saboda da gaban sosai karfi bukatar, ba kawai a cikin kasashen waje kasuwa, amma kuma a cikin gida.

Game da 60% na dukkan sinadaran kayayyakin sayar a cikin kungiyar tarayyar Turai da kuma Gabashin Turai. Finland ta tattalin arzikin yau sun fi mayar gare ta ci gaba da irin wannan Titans sinadaran masana'antu, kamar:

• "Kemira" - kungiya, kwarewa a samar da sunadarai, takin, Paints, lacquers, resins, adhesives. Yana da wannan giant ne kawai daya a duniya manufacturer na cikakken sets na high-sa sunadarai for bleaching takarda ɓangaren litattafan almara. Shi ne kuma shugaban duniya a samar da formic acid.
• "Kemira Shuka Yadda" - a matsayin babban vectors na aiki kungiyar zaɓi da samar da takin zamani da abincin dabbobi.
• "Tikkurila" - mafi girma a cikin Tsohon World manufacturer na masana'antu, yi da iyalinsa Paints. Bugu da kari ga harkokin kasuwanci, dake kai tsaye a Finland, da Group yana da masana'antu a Latvia, Poland, Estonia, da Netherlands, Italy, Ingila da Rasha.

Af, kusan 40% na dukkan ma'aikata a masana'antu da hannu a cikin aiki da robobi. The most polymer kera su ne: "Borealis" Polimers Oy "," Dina Chemicals ".

masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci

Finland ta tattalin arziki, an taƙaice tattauna a wannan labarin, a mutunta mutane da yawa ya dogara da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, wanda, a hanya, shi ne quite m sha wahala daga retaliatory takunkumi da Rasha Federation, ya gabatar a watan Agusta 2014. A musamman, Valio kamfanin kwarewa a samar da kiwo kayayyakin, ya dakatar da samar Lines, wanda aka mayar da hankali a kan aiwatar da Rasha kasuwar.

Daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci a Finland ne kamfanin Fazer - sanannen cakulan manufacturer. A manyan girma daga kofi samar da Paulig Group.

A cikin filin barasa samarwa kamfanonin ne cikakkar shugabannin Sinebrychoff (aiki tun 1819) da kuma Hartwall.

Lantarki da lantarki injiniya

Wannan reshe na kasa ya hada da saki da lantarki, da sadarwa, da kayan likita, kuma an dauki mafi high-tech ga tattalin arziki na Finland. The most ikon yinsa, daga kera su ne: "ABB", "Nokia", "Ensto Finland Oy" da "Vaisala".

A 2015, da masana'antu ya kawo wa Finnish kasafin kudin na biliyan 6.6 Tarayyar Turai, wanda shi ne 3% kasa da adadi na 2014. A lokaci guda a duk kamfanonin da wannan Sphere 40 da mutane 500 suna aiki. Amma ga ƙarfi samar da lantarki da kuma lantarki dukiya, sa'an nan a Finland shi ne rage. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kasar na da matukar high matakin na samar da halin kaka, sabili da haka da yawa daga Finnish kamfanin ya fitar da wasu daga cikin samar Lines waje da jihar domin dattako da riba da kuma gasa na samarwa.

Shipbuilding

Production, daga jirgi da marine kayan aiki - shi ne kusan tushen wannan yankunan matsayin tattalin arzikin na Finland. A takaice, wannan masana'antu an dauki mafi high-tech duniyoyin na masana'antu. Masana sun kiyasta cewa mutanen Finnish kasuwar a kasar 1% na jimlar duniya samar da jirãge, liners, ferries, ice-hutu. Branch ya 20 dubu jobs. Yau a Finland bakwai shipyards gina, da most of wanda aka located in Turku, kuma ya ƙware a cikin shiri na fasinja cruise jirãge.

kula da tsarin

A al'amura na Finnish jihar iko bisa jihar tsari na tattalin arziki. Finland, kamar yadda wani cikakken memba na Tarayyar Turai, sosai yayi cikakkar tana biye da duk data kasance dokoki da umarnai na Turai Hukumar, wanda, duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe shafi amince a kan Finnish kasuwanci. Alal misali, zartarwan a kan raguwa a carbon gas watsi ya haddasa gagarumin ragi a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu saboda da kara halin kaka na aiki Enterprises a aiwatar da bukatun.

Tattalin arzikin a Finland (haraji wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, shi ne quite high da kuma na iya zama har zuwa arba'in cikin dari na mutanen mai zaman kansu) ne tare da wani sarari aiki ne na shari'a a kan mabukaci kariya, wanda aka canza a 2013. Bugu da kari, aiki yadda ya kamata antitrust dokar, wanda, bi da bi, an kayyade yawan tunani-fita doka ayyukan.

dabaru da shugaban

«Posti Finland Tattalin Arziki» (Posti Finland Economy) - The most Finnish kamfanin kwarewa a cikin aiki da kuma aikawa da na mai fadi da dama kaya da kuma kayayyaki. Wannan kamfanin aiki a tare da tare da m Yanwen. An fara daga Maris 25, 2015 «Posti Finland Tattalin Arziki" da aka hada a jerin shawarar hanyoyin da za a isar da a kan daya daga cikin rare shopping yankunan Aliexpress. The site bada shawarar da isar hanya domin aikawa da lodi na kasa da $ 7. Da taimakon «Posti Finland Tattalin Arziki" sayi kaya tracking wuce quite da sauri kuma a fili. A sadarwarka yana da wani yadu rarrabuwa cibiyar sadarwa na nasu abubuwa, wanda abokan ciniki za a bauta kusan nan da nan, kuma a wannan quality. Bugu da kari, da "post Finland ta tattalin arziki" offers da abokan ciniki (da masu zaman kansu da kuma kamfanoni) quite da dama online sabis, don samun matsahi na saba da cewa a cikin mafi daki-daki, a kan official website na kamfanin.

Banking da inshora

Kamar yadda na Janairu 1, 2015, 291 kudi ma'aikata da aka rajista, a Finland. 279 - suna bankuna, 11 - zuba jari kudi, biyu daga waxanda suke lantarki (a 2014 saboda canje-canje a cikin dokokin da aka ware a raba kunkuntar band).

The most banki a Finland - OP-Pohjola Group, wanda yana da 450 rassan da ma'aikata 12,3 dubu mutane. A na biyu wuri ne banki kira Nordea Pankki Finland Plc tare da yawan ma'aikata da 7.4 dubu mutane.

Babban ɓangare na dukan na jihar na kudi tsarin ne na musamman da kuma bankunan. Ba zato ba tsammani, Finland - unequivocal shugaban a arewacin Turai, a cikin yawan mazauna da daya kudi ma'aikata. Wannan adadi ne daidai da 15 da mutane dubu a kan harkar banki naúrar.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa isasshen korau Trend a cikin tattalin arziki kansu, sun ɓatar to wani karu a cikin darajar da kadarori na dukan bankuna. A total girma na Finland ta kudi cibiyoyin to Janairu 1, 2016 amounted zuwa dan kadan fiye da 684 kudin Euro biliyan, wanda shi ne kusan 3% kasa da a shekarar 2015. Wannan rage faru saboda girma da na rance ya ragu da yawa Turai bashi.

ƙarshe

Don kwanan wata, Finland, Rasha (su tattalin arzikin da aka yanzu fuskantar ba mafi kyau lokaci) - kasar, kuma sunã nẽman ta nagarta sosai da sauri zata sake farawa da dangantaka kan bango na ci gaba da kokarin takunkumi. Shugabannin biyu al'ummai ne da sanin cewa rayuwa ba tsaya har yanzu, kuma dole ne sauri daidaita zuwa kalubalen mu riga mai kauri gaskiya.