Robert Haynlayn: bibliography, mafi kyau ayyukansu

Daya daga cikin mafi girma da American marubuta - Robert Haynlayn - An haife shi a Missouri, Yuli 7, 1907. Ibid ciyar da yara. Babbar tasiri a kan samuwar da yaron ya hali ya kakansa wanda, a farko, shuka a cikin shi wata soyayya na karatu, da kuma, abu na biyu, wajen samar da m halayya da a da shi, kamar sadaukar da kuma nauyin. Dukansu so aka wasa dara, ya koyar da ma'ana tunani.

Ilimi da kuma ayukan hutu

The iyali na Robert suna da karfi Hadisin Kirista, don haka shi aka kawo a cikin wani m Puritan ruhu. A da rukunan da Methodist, rare a cikin US yankin. Yana hada da ban a shan barasa a kowane yawa, giya da cãca, rawa da yafi. A tsawon lokaci, Heinlein ya tashi daga wadannan tsauraran sharudda da suka shafi haruffa a cikin littattafai.

A makaranta, da yaro ne mafi m na ainihin kimiyya: lissafi, taurari, da kuma ilmin halitta. Ya zama na gaba ya canja a lõkacin da ya koya game da ka'idar juyin halitta daga Charles Darwin. A Kansas City, inda ya rayu, ya fi so wuri da aka jama'a library, inda ya fizge duk yiwu littattafai a sama batutuwa.

samuwar

Robert Haynlayn da 'yan'uwa uku da uku mata. Ya bi da misali daga cikin mazan - Rex - da suka tafi a kan bauta wa a cikin sojojin. Ya manufa ita ce birnin Annapolis, inda akwai wata United States Sojan Ruwa Academy. A Amirka, tsarin na] auka na suka shiga a wadannan jami'o'i da aka quite wuya. Ba kamar farar hula jami'o'i, inda ya aika da mail duk takardun da ake bukata har yanzu ake bukata da kuma samun m shawarwarin daga majalisarsu suka iya fitowa da wani tayi a ajiyewa m. A halin da ake ciki da wahala da cewa, bisa ga dokoki daga iyali daya zuwa makarantar kimiyya, kawai mutum daya daga tsara iya samun. Kamar wancan riga ya da wani mazan ɗan'uwansa, Rex, amma Robert bai daina kuma ya fara mamaye alhakin mutane da haruffa da buƙatun.

A wannan ya dauki wani shekara. A wannan lokaci, Robert Haynlayn karatu daya shakka a Jami'ar Missouri. Lokacin da makarantar kimiyya ya fara fid da masu nema, ta bayyana cewa samu game da 50 aikace-aikace daga mutane 50 da wani 50 aikace-aikace daga wannan nema. Wannan ya Robert. Ya ya samu nasarar shiga da kuma mayar da su Bancroft Hall. A ake kira dakunan kwanan dalibai midshipmen, inda cadets rayuwa.

rundunar

Service daga baya za a nuna a aikin marubuci. A shekara ta 1948 ya rubuta labari "Space yar jam'iyyar kadet» (Space yar jam'iyyar kadet - a Rasha kuma yana fassara a matsayin "Space yan sintiri"). A cikin littafin, marubucin ya indulges a nostalgic tunanin lokaci ciyar a cikin Navy ta cikin Prism na nasu tunanin. A protagonist na samfurin ke da makaranta sintiri, sa'an nan ya tafi a kan wani balaguro zuwa Venus.

Robert Haynlayn kansa ya sojan ruwa aiki lura da dama m nasarori. Baya da cewa ya gudanar ya ci gaba da gargajiya tarbiyya a cikin manhaja, an kuma tsunduma a harbi, wasan zorro, kuma kokawar. A duk wadannan fitattu, ya zama zakara na nasu academy. Bayan da a saki sunansa a cikin jerin mafi kyau cadets.

Sauke karatu daga Academy a shekara ta 1929, Heinlein da aka ciyar da su ensign. Shi ne mai junior jami'in rank. Duk da yake har yanzu a dalibi ya kasance wani ɗalibin kwalejin likita a daban-daban kotu - "Utah", "Oklahoma" da "Arkansas". A farko manufar da ba ya samu a kan jirgin sama m "Lexington", ciki har da Amurka Navy mukamansu. Ya bi ya saka idanu da ingancin sadarwa a tsakanin cikin jirgi, kuma jirgin sama. Duk da haka, da aiki da aka lalace saboda Jihar kiwon lafiya - matasa jami'in da aka kamu da tarin fuka. Ko bayan Robert farka, ya aka ba a yarda ya koma zuwa sabis, da kuma nada ritaya.

A farkon da wallafe-wallafen aikin

Kasawa a cikin talakawa hanya na kasuwanci da kuma bashin dake kan bashin ba Heinlein tutu fara rubuta da kuma buga nasu ayyukan art. A 1939 ya sayar da wallafa farko da labarin "Life Line". Bayan haka, ya sanã'anta kagaggun rubutu ayyukan, kafa ajiye duk wasu ayukan hutu.

"Rayuwa Line" da aka rubuta a cikin Genre na almarar kimiyya da cewa ya zama leitmotif na dukan aikin, wanda aka bi Robert Haynlayn. Comments a kan labarin sun kasance tabbatacce, kuma marubuci ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da "Line of Life" da sake zagayowar irin wannan ayyuka.

A sakamakon haka ne "The History of the Future." Wannan sake zagayowar hada da 'yan labaru, novellas da kuma litattafan. A mãkirci na jimlace mutum tarihi a cikin tsawon XX karni XXIII. Da yawa daga cikin littafin da aka rubuta a farkon marubucin aiki, kazalika da daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1950. Edita Dzhon Kempbell kira da jerin "History of the Future," da kuma ciyar da shi a cikin wani iri-iri na wallafe.

Domin sauki navigation, musamman tebur, wanda ya hada da wani Chronology da kuma babban haruffa, marubucin wanda ya Robert Haynlayn kansa an halitta ta fantasy duniya. A mafi kyau na wannan sake zagayowar ya zama classic na Genre da kanta "Tarihi" a shekarar 1966, aka zabi ga "Hugo," amma kayen da shi "filaye" Ayzeka Azimova.

Littattafan yara

Heinlein ta farko da aka buga labari ya bayyana a shekarar 1947. Shi ne mai "roka jirgin" Galileo "." A mãkirci na littafin ruwaito tafiya zuwa wata. A wannan lokacin, da m tunanin cewa wannan topic ne ma m, kuma ba za a yarda da jama'a. Saboda haka, marubucin aika rubutun ga Charles Scribner maza, inda ya fara nuna ayyukansu a cikin jerin yara da kuma samartaka. Sun kasance ko da yaushe Popular tsakanin ta core masu sauraro, kazalika a manya. To, akwai mutane da yawa Genre clichés, da Robert Heinlein. References hada da batutuwa game da baki parasitic mulkin mallaka na taurari da kuma t. D.

Awards da kuma nasara

The labari "Biyu Star" shi ne na farko, wanda ya karbi babbar kyauta "Hugo". A nan gaba, wannan lambar yabo nemi aiki "Starship Troopers," "Stranger a} asar waje", "The Moon - Harsh farka." Kamar yadda daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na Genre, marubucin kara girmama tare da sauran kyaututtuka, ciki har da posthumously.

Littafinsa, na farko wanda aka doke fitar a cikin wannan "yaro" ra'ayi shi ne "Starship Troopers", rubuta a shekarar 1959 a kan wani kalaman na haushinka Amurka shirin nukiliya. Daga wannan lokaci da marubucin da babban muhimmanci su ne da muradi na zamantakewa rikice-rikice da kuma sauran al'amurran da suka shafi tsanani.

Baƙo a ƙasar waje

A shekarar 1961, ya fito da ya fi samun nasara da kuma sanannun labari "baƙo a wani bakon ƙasar". A sa'an nan American jama'a da aka gigice da kaifi tambaya ya tashe ta Robert Haynlayn. Sammaci hada muhawara game da free soyayya, libertarianism, individualism, da kuma sauran falsafa Concepts.

Wannan littafi da aka halitta bisa shekaru goma, wanda yake shi ne rikodin ga mawallafin. Daya dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne sa'an nan-katsalandan, wanda aka haramta tada tambayoyi game da jima'i jigogi. A daya daga cikin na farko bugu na wani aiki da aka kira "The bidi'a", wadda ta bayyana ma'anar labarin. A protagonist na bangs, ya tashe ta Martians, ya zo a mayar Duniya, inda ya zama Almasihu cikin gida yawan. Idon docked game da kwata na rubutu saboda jima'i da addini da muradi. Complete marubucin edition fito a 1991.

A samfurin da yawa allusions, ciki har da labarin Mowgli, Kipling har yanzu ana amfani. The title sosai da labari ne mai tunani da Littafi Mai Tsarki.

"Baƙo a wani bakon ƙasar" kiwata shawara game da illar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau na addini da kuma iko. Tashi a cikin wani iyali Kirista reinterpreted marubucin nasu ra'ayoyi a kan canonical koyarwarsa.

darajar

Bugu da kari, wannan topic ne kadan daga baya a cikin labari "Ayuba" An ci gaba. Shi ne mai satirical littafin da ya zama wata alama ce da karshe mataki na bibliography, marubucin wanda ya Robert Haynlayn. The ayyukansu sun samu dama boye allusions da kwatancen, wanda suke unprepared karatu zai wuya a gane.

A marubuci yana dauke da daya daga cikin manyan Masters fantasy daidai da Isaac Asimov da Arturom Klarkom. Sunansa yana da dangantaka da zinariya shekaru na Genre sa'ad da yake musamman mashahuri a cikin talakawa da masu karatu. Farfaganda na kimiyya ra'ayoyi a wadannan ayyuka ya zama wani muhimmin alama ce da riga na sarari tseren, da kuma da yawa karatu a cikin wannan shugabanci.

Personal rai

A cikin shekara na samun digiri (1929) Heinlein aure da wata yarinya ya san tun lokacin da ya makaranta shekaru. Duk da haka, saboda na aikin tafiye-tafiye mijin aure ba aiki fita, kuma nan da nan matar yi na kisan aure. A 1932, Robert yanke shawarar danganta rayukansu tare da wani siyasar Leslin McDonald. Da aure dade ƙara da kuma kare kawai a shekarar 1947. Sai marubuci aure Virginia Gerstenfeld, wanda ya hadu da a lokacin yaki, a lokacin da ya yi aiki a Philadelphia.

Matar yana da babban tasiri a kan aikin na mijinta, shi ne ya sarrafa da kuma sakatare. Ta proofreads dukan ayyukansa kafin su samu a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aiki, wanda aka gudanar da Robert Haynlayn. A mafi kyau ayyukan marubucin hada da al'amuran wahayi zuwa gare ta matarsa.