Rediyoaktif canje na atomic nuclei: tarihin samu, babban iri-canje

A samu daga tsarin da atomic tsakiya ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman matakai a ci gaba na zamani da jiki ilmi. Masana kimiyya sun zo da hakkin karshe game da tsarin da karami barbashi a lokaci daya. Kuma da yawa daga baya ya bude wasu dokokin - misali, da dokoki na motsi na microparticles, kazalika da siffofi da canji na atomic nuclei, wanda ke faruwa a lokacin rediyoaktif lalace.

Rutherford ta gwaje-gwajen

Domin da farko lokacin da rediyoaktif canje na atomic nuclei karatu English Explorer Rutherford. Ko sa'an nan ya bayyana cewa, babban taro na zarra da dama a kan ya core, saboda electrons ne da yawa sau ɗari fiye da m nucleons. Domin gudanar da bincike tabbatacce cajin ciki da tsakiya, 1906 godu Rutherford shawarar gano zarra gabansa amfani alpha barbashi. Irin wannan barbashi an samar da lalata da radium, da kuma wasu sauran abubuwa. A lokacin da ya gwaje-gwajen, Rutherford samu wani tunani na tsarin da zarra, wanda aka bai wa sunan "planetary model".

A farko lura da radioactivity

A shekarar 1985 da Turanci Explorer William ramsay, wanda aka sani da ya samu na argon gas, sanya wani ban sha'awa samu. A ma'adinai kira cleveite ya gano iskar gas helium. Daga bisani, a manyan adadin helium ya kuma an samu a cikin wasu ma'adanai, amma waɗanda suka hada da thorium da uranium.

The bincike, ya zama kamar ma sosai m: yadda zai dauki a cikin ma'adanai gas? Amma lokacin da Rutherford soma nazarin yanayin radioactivity, an gano cewa, helium ne samfurin na rediyoaktif lalace. Wasu sinadaran abubuwa "samar" da sauran, tare da gaba daya sabon Properties. Wannan hujja rikitar da dukan gabata kwarewa na chemists na lokaci.

Sauraron yadda ake gudanar Frederick Soddy

Tare da Rutherford a nazarin kai tsaye halarci masanin kimiyya Frederick Soddy. Ya kasance mai sunadarai, kuma domin dukan aikin da za'ayi a dangane da katin shaida na sinadaran abubuwa bisa ga dũkiyõyinsu. A gaskiya, da hira da rediyoaktif atomic nuclei aka farko hange Soddy. Ya ya iya gano abin da su ne alpha barbashi da aka yi amfani da a cikin gwaje-gwajen, Rutherford. Yin ma'aunai, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa, taro na daya alpha barbashi ne 4 atomic taro raka'a. Bayan tara wani yawan alpha gaɓũɓuwa, da masu bincike ya gano cewa sun zama wani sabon abu - helium. A Properties na wannan gas da aka kyau a san Soddy. Saboda haka, yana da da'awar cewa alpha-barbashi sun iya kama electrons da kuma zama a waje a tsaka tsaki helium kwayoyin halitta.

Canje-canje a cikin tsakiya na zarra

M bincike ya mayar da hankali a kan katin shaida na fasali na atomic tsakiya. Masana kimiyya sun koya cewa duk rikirkida ba faruwa tare da electrons ko electron harsashi, amma kai tsaye tare da nuclei kansu. Wannan hira rediyoaktif nuclei yuwuwa canji na wasu sauran abubuwa. Sa'an nan mafi fasali na wadannan canje sun ba a sani ba zuwa ga masana kimiyya. Amma ya bayyana a abu daya: su sakamakon, a wasu hanya, sabon sinadaran abubuwa.

A karo na farko da irin wannan jerin metamorphoses, masana kimiyya sun iya gano aiwatar da canji na radium cikin Radon. A halayen da haifar da irin wannan hira, tare da wani musamman radiation masu bincike kira makaman nukiliya. Tabbatar da ganin cewa duk wadannan matakai faru ne a cikin nucleus din zarra, masana kimiyya ya fara gudanar da bincike, da kuma sauran abubuwa, ba kawai radium.

Open iri radiation

Basic horo, wanda na iya bukatar amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi - yana da kimiyyar lissafi (Grade 9). Rediyoaktif canje na atomic nuclei ne wani ɓangare na da shakka. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen a uranium iya shiga radiation, Rutherford ya gano iri biyu radiation ko rediyoaktif canje. Kadan iya shiga irin mai suna alpha radiation. Daga baya an gudanar da bincike da kuma beta radiation. Gamma-radiation filin Willard aka farko karatu a 1900. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa sabon abu na radioactivity hade da lalata na atomic nuclei. Saboda haka, a, kawar da duka a kan hukuncin har lokacin da na biyayya zarra yadda basa barbashi.

Rediyoaktif canje na atomic nuclei: babban iri

Yanzu shi yana dauke da cewa akwai iri uku canje a lokacin rediyoaktif lalata: alpha lalace, beta lalace, electron kama, in ba haka ba da aka sani da K-kama. Lokacin da alpha lalace ne jefarwa daga tsakiya na wani alpha barbashi, wanda shine tsakiya na wani helium zarra. A bukatarsa rediyoaktif tsakiya haka tuba a cikin daya wanda yana da ƙasa da wutar lantarki. Alpha lalace ne peculiar abubuwa sanya karshe a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Beta lalace kuma hada a rediyoaktif hira atomic nuclei. Abun da ke ciki na atomic tsakiya a irin wannan kuma canza: shi hasarar neutrinos ko antineutrinos da electrons da positrons.

Wannan irin lalace ne tare da wani short-zango electromagnetic radiation. Lokacin da lantarki kama wani atomic tsakiya garwaya da daya daga cikin mafi kusa daga cikin electrons. A wannan yanayin, da beryllium tsakiya iya juya a cikin wani lithium tsakiya. Wannan irin aka gano a 1938 by American likita na Alvarez iyali, wanda shi ma karatu rediyoaktif canje na atomic nuclei. Photos a cikin abin da masu bincike sun yi kokarin kama wadannan matakai dauke da wani image, kama da mara kyau girgije, saboda kananan yawa na barbashi karkashin binciken.