Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin Bronsted-Lowry

Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin ne a kan gab da biyu sciences - kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Tare da shi ya bayyana da kaddarorin da kuma yanayin da sansanonin da kuma acid. Masana kimiyya suna kasu kashi biyu azuzuwan na abubuwa da hul] a da juna.

The aiki da ka'idar

Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin taimaka don warware wani muhimmin aiki: hango ko hasashen wanda kayayyakin suna kafa a sakamakon su hulda da kuma yadda shi zai faru da wannan dauki. Don yin wannan, masana tambaya gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari halaye na acid da kuma sansanonin sojin.

Kamar wancan akwai da dama shirme wanda ake daban fassara da cewa irin wannan acid da wani tushe. A hanyoyi daban-daban da suka kimanta su da wasu halaye. Daga qarshe ya dogara a kan abin da zai kasance sakamakon na dauki.

Na ra'ayi sinadaran tsarin

Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin ne musamman rare, a lokacin da kuke bukata don gano yadda suke mu'amala a yanayi. An yadu amfani da masana'antu yi da kuma kimiyya. Irfanin ilmi na da sakamakon hulda na acid da kuma sansanonin sojin na ra'ayi tsarin ƙayyade da samuwar sunadarai shafi daban-daban msar tambayar Concepts a cikin kusan dukkan sinadaran tarbiyya.

A ci gaba na ilimi game da interactions na acid da kuma sansanonin

Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin tana nufin daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin sunadarai. Key Concepts aka farko tsara da masana kimiyya XVII karni. A wannan yanayin, da abun ciki akai-akai bayan canza da kuma bita.

Turanci sunadarai XVII karni Robert Boyle yi imani da cewa acid ne cikin jiki, sunadaran da da kaifi protrusions da tushe - shi ne su pores. Saboda haka, ya rika, duk neutralization dauki an rage wa da cewa acid protrusions shiga cikin pores na sansanonin.

Domin da farko lokacin da ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin samarwa Faransa apothecary Nicolas Lemery. A 1675, ya fito da "Chemistry Course", wanda details fentin sinadaran da jiki Properties abubuwa dangane da siffar da kuma tsarin. Lemaire zaton cewa acid da kaifi da zangarniya, saboda m majiyai wanda bayyana a kan fata. Filaye ya kira alkalis, bayar da shawara cewa su porous tsarin. A sakamakon tsaka tsaki gishiri kafa.

Tuni a cikin XVIII karni, wani masanin kimiyya Faransa Lavoisier Antaun alaka Properties ga gaban acid a cikin abun da ke ciki na oxygen kwayoyin halitta. A savanin nuna wannan jarrabawa, bayan da Turanci sunadarai Gemfri Devi da kuma takwaransa na Faransa, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac gano wani yawan acid cewa ba dauke da oxygen. Daga cikin su akwai halides ko hydrocyanic acid. Kuma haka dai aka samu wani babban yawan oxygen-dauke da mahadi wanda ba su da kaddarorin acid.

zamani ideas

A ra'ayi na protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin ya canza muhimmanci a cikin XIX karni. Chemists karfe acid zaton kawai wadanda abubuwa da suke iya hulda da karfe kuma a kwato hydrogen. Wadannan karshe da aka kai ta Jamus masanin kimiyya wa laƙabi da Yustus von Liebig a 1839. An dauke da daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa aikin gona Chemistry da Organic Chemistry.

A layi daya da Swedish mineralogist Jens Jakob Berzelius tsara da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a bi da acid din da ya korau ba na ƙarfe ba oxides, yayin da oxide da kyau cajin yana da kwasfansu. Wannan ya taimaka bayyana ainihin Properties na acid da kuma sansanonin sojin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa acidic da asali Swede daukarsa a matsayin aikin Properties na mahadi. Ya kasance na farko a duniya sanya wani ƙoƙari na hango ko hasashen matuƙar tasiri abubuwa muke son saye.

Babban arziki da protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin da aka tsara bayan da aikin wani Yaren mutanen Sweden sunadarai Svante Arrhenius. A 1887, ya takaita da wutar lantarki dissociation ka'idar. Bayan shi a real yiwuwar bayyana da kaddarorin na acid da kuma sansanonin sojin fara daga Wutan ionization kayayyakin. Kuma godiya ga taimako da Rasha-German sunadarai Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ka'idar da aka tsara don rauni Wutan.

A XX karni, American masana kimiyya Cady, Franklin da Kraus na rasa ka'idar solvosistem. Yana fara da za a yi amfani da matsayin guzuri da Arruniusa Ostwald, da kuma game da duk sauran kaushi da zai iya samodissotsiirovatsya.

Yau Protolytic ka'idar acid mafi cikakken alaƙa Dane Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted da American Gilbert N. Lewis, wanda kuma tsunduma a nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi da kuma thermodynamic.

A ka'idar Liebig

Bisa ga ka'idar hydrogen Liebig acid ne mai abu iya amsa tare da karafa daga hydrogen kafa. A wannan yanayin, manufar "tushe" Liebig bai shiga a duk.

Hydrogen da gishiri kafa ta dauki. By dauki da karfi acid nuna dauki karafa. Yau ka'idar da ake amfani da kawai a hango ko hasashen da interactions da abubuwa dauke da hydrogen, da karafa a cikin sauran ƙarfi.

A ka'idar Arrhenius-Ostwald

Binciken abin da yake protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin Arrhenius - Ostwald, lura da cewa akwai duk acid abubuwa wanda a ruwa-ruwa bayani don samar da hydrogen cations. Kamar wancan sansanonin sani kawai, waɗanda abubuwa wanda a ruwa-ruwa bayani samu karfe cation ko ammonium.

A sakamakon dauki samar da ruwa da gishiri. Akwai dogara, a lokacin da ya mayar da martani da karfi acid tare da karfi da kwasfansu. Bisa wannan ka'idar iya gaskata da rabo daga Wutan, kazalika da tabbatar da dalilin da PH darajar da aka gabatar, wanda ya shafi alkaline yanayi. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da hydrolysis na salts da kuma sansanonin sojin dauke da salts. Duk da haka, kasa da kasa. Da cewa shi bukatar amfani da tsauraran matakan lissafin. Duk da yake proton ka'idar da yawa sauki.

A ka'idar Bronsted-Lowry

Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin Bronsted - Lowry aka farko da ya gabatar a shekarar 1923. Bronsted Lowry da ta tsara da kansa. The masana kimiyya hada da ra'ayi na acid da kuma sansanonin tare.

A cewar su wakilci, acid - ne kwayoyin ko ions cewa aiki a cikin mayar da martani rawa proton gudunmawa. A daidai wannan lokaci ne kawai wadanda sansanonin ne kwayoyin ko ions cewa zai iya hašawa da protons. A wannan ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin da muka samu protolytes definition. Mene ne jigon?

Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin a Chemistry rage wa proton canja daga acid don tushe. Haka kuma, a wannan lokaci acid hana a proton, shi dai kanta a cikin ƙasa. Kuma watakila ma, ya ci gaba da mamaye sabon proton. A tushe na wannan lokaci ya zama acid, kafa protonated barbashi.

Saboda haka, a kowane lamba hulda da abubuwa da hannu biyu nau'i-nau'i daga sansanonin da kuma acid. Bronsted kira su dabbar ta hanyar canjin. Wadannan su ne ainihin tanadi cewa yale mu mu kirkiro Protolytic ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin. Protolytic halayen faruwa a hanyoyi biyu a wannan, domin kowane abu, dangane da yanayi, kuma zai iya zama wani acid da wani tushe.

Daga baya ya ci gaba da ka'idar Bronsted acid-tushe catalysis, kuma Lowry yi aiki a kan Tantancewar aiki na Organic mahadi.

ka'idar solvosistem

Solvosistem ka'idar bayyana a lokacin da ci gaban da ra'ayoyi sa a gaba ta hanyar Arrhenius da Ostwald. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne amfani da dauki tare da protic kaushi. Suka miƙa ta uku Amurkawa - Cady, Franklin da Kraus.

A cewar wannan jarrabawa, bisa jimlar ion ta'allaka da sauran ƙarfi. Yana yana da ikon ya karya up cikin mutum ions in babu sauran ƙarfi. A wannan yanayin, da cation da anion. Cikinsa da farko ion ne lithium da kuma na biyu - ion Liat. Kamar yadda amfani a dauki protic sauran ƙarfi iya canja wurin wani proton daga duk wani tsaka tsaki kwayoyin na wani ruwa zuwa wani. Game da shi ulla wani daidaita yawan anions da cations.

A samfurin wannan dauki zama da sauran ƙarfi da gishiri.

Wannan ka'idar da ake amfani da hasashen da halayen tsakanin acid da kuma sansanonin sojin a duk kaushi. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu don sarrafa wadannan matakai amfani da sauran ƙarfi. Theory da cikakken kwatanci da kaddarorin abubuwa dauke da babu oxygen da kuma hydrogen.

Lewis ka'idar

Lewis ka'idar tsara a shekarar 1923. Yana dogara ne a kan samuwa a lokacin a kimiyya, lantarki biyayya. Amfani su iya kara kayyade tushe da kuma acid.

A sunadarai akwai da Kalmar "Lewis acid". Wannan ion ko kwayoyin wanda yana da free electron orbitals, wanda za a iya yarda da electron nau'i-nau'i. A daukan hankali misali ne protons - hydrogen ions da ions na wasu karafa, da kuma wasu salts abu.

Idan Lewis acid ba hydrogen, shi ne ake kira aprotic.

ka'idar Mikhail Usanovich

Maximally janar ka'idar acid da kuma sansanonin sojin a 1939 tsara Soviet sunadarai Mihail Usanovich.

Ya dogara ne a kan ra'ayi da cewa hulda tsakanin wani acid da kuma tushe zai kai ga wani salification dauki. Saboda haka, an acid aka bayyana a matsayin barbashi kanta ne cleaved daga cations, ciki har da protons, kuma ma ya dauki kan a wurin anions da farko electrons.

A lokaci guda, da tushe ne barbashi wanda yana da ikon don hašawa da kanta ga proton ko wasu cation. Amma shi kuma iya ba da wani electron ko anion. Babban bambancin daga Lewis ka'idar cewa tushen da ma'anar "tushe" da "acid" ba tsarin da electron harsashi, da kuma alamar da lura da barbashi.

A ka'idar Mikhail Usanovich akwai shortcomings. Cif daga gare su - da babban yawan generalizations kuma m wording na asali Concepts. Bugu da kari, wannan ka'idar ba da damar zuwa ba a gwada yawa Hasashen na da sakamakon da hulda na acid da kuma sansanonin sojin.