Potash - a ... Formula da kuma aikace-aikace na potash

Potash - ne na yau da kullum sunan wani abu da chemists kira potassium carbonate. Wannan gishiri da aka sani zuwa ga mutane tun zamanin da, kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin ash. A baya can, wannan kalma ake da bushe saura bayan danshin da konewa shuka bayani. Saboda haka, abin da aka yanzu da aka sani game da potassium?

dabara

Wani sunan ga wannan abu - potash. Kuma ta sinadaran dabara aka rubuta a matsayin - K ₂ CO _3. Yana wakiltar talakawan potassium gishiri da kuma carbonic acid. Wannan yana nufin cewa potash bayani ne ba acidic ko asali, shi ne tsaka tsaki. Na dogon lokaci da aka gauraye da yin burodi soda - NaHCO _3.

A tarihin na samu da kuma nazari

Hakika, ba mu sani ba domin tabbatar wanda shi ne na farko potash, kamar yadda ya aka sani a zamanin d Girka da Roma. Sai aka dawo dasu daga toka da kuma amfani don wanka. Shi ne m cewa na dogon lokaci da aka gauraye da wani abu - potassium bicarbonate. The saba yin burodi soda, potash - tare da suka kasance sunã kira kawai alkaline ko alkaline salts. Rarrabe tsakanin su fara a cikin XVIII-XIX ƙarni. A karo na farko da ya zama sananne a 1759, lokacin da Andreas Marggraf gano cewa, soda ne wani alkaline ma'adinai, yayin da potassium - shuka. Kuma a cikin 1807 Gemfri Devi kafa da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na kowane daga cikin wadannan abubuwa.

A farko ambaci samar da potash koma zuwa XIV karni. A mafi girma a kamfanoni suna located in Jamus da kuma Scandinavian kasashen. Potassium carbonate aka yi amfani da sabulu masana'antu, zane masana'antu, rini shuke-shuke. A cikin XV karni a gasar ciki har da Rasha. Kafin cewa ware potash daga ash bai san yadda, amma kawai fitar dashi da kayayyakin na konewa tare da, misali, bellows. Glass masana'antu biyu a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje ne ma da ake bukata a cikin wannan al'amari. Bukatar ya yi girma, ya yi girma, da kuma bayar da shi.

Af, da sunan "potash" - dai kawai wani ambato Hanyar ta samar a cikin tsufa. Gaskiyar ita ce, a Latin shi sauti kamar potassa, wanda bi da bi ne wani Fusion na kalmomin "toka" da "tukunya".

Chemical da jiki Properties

A cikin shakka daga gwaje-gwajen da wannan abu, masana kimiyya samu bayanai game da wadannan ko wasu halaye muhimmi a cikin shi. A yau mun san cewa, a karkashin al'ada yanayi, m potash - wani m a cikin nau'i na colorless lu'ulu'u ko wani farin foda. Its yawa - 2,43 g / cm ^3. potassium carbonate narkewa zazzabi - 891 digiri Celsius. Yana yana high hygroscopicity.

Wannan abu ne ba fashewa ko wuta Hazard. A lamba tare da m fata, ko mucous membrane irritant. Saboda haka, shi nasa ne da na uku aji na hatsari.

Iri da kuma siffofin

Akwai iri biyu na potash: calcined da polutoravodny. A bambanci, na biyu, na farko form ƙunshi wani ruwa - a lokacin calcining shi evaporates da kuma kawar da kwayoyin abubuwa, sakamakon a cikin wani bayani na potassium carbonate na da irin wannan zama gaba daya colorless.

Bugu da kari, da bambanci da aka yi tsakanin potassium da kuma irin emit kawai uku. A ingancin karshe samfurin dogara a kan abun ciki na impurities kamar baƙin ƙarfe, aluminum, chlorides, sodium da kuma sulfates. Har ila yau a dauki la'akari lokacin assigning a sa taro sulusi da murabba'i na da precipitated sludge a cikin bayani da kuma asarar a kan ƙonewa.

hakar

Ko da yake da amfani da potash ba a cikin irin wannan m sikelin, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da yin burodi soda, shi ne har yanzu rayayye amfani da mutane. Amma a sama da dukan tana bukatar a samu. A kananan yawa da shi za a iya yi ko da a gida.

Da farko kana bukatar ka samu hannuwansu a kan tokar shuka asalin. Sa'an nan wajibi ne a soke shi a wani adadin ruwan zafi, sosai saro da kuma jiran wani lokaci. Next, don fara zuwa ƙafe potash bayani tare da cakuda kwayoyin abubuwa da sa hazo lu'ulu'u. Da sauƙi, potassium carbonate, zaba a irin wannan hanya, za a yi na high quality, da kuma} o} arin kashe ma manyan idan aka kwatanta da adadin. Saboda haka, ba shakka, a kan wani m sikelin duk abin da yake daban-daban.

Saboda haka, an mai ruwa-ruwa potassium carbonate bayani ne ya mayar da martani tare da CO _2, wadda take kaiwa ga samuwar KHCO _3. Yana, bi da bi, shi ne mai tsanani, kuma akwai ruwa da carbon dioxide tukar tumbi a cikin saura - fara potash.

Akwai hanyoyi da dama don samun wannan abu, amma mafi sauki kuma mafi inganci suna masu bayyana a baya.

aiki

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, akwai iri biyu potash - calcined da polutoravodny. To, ta yaya potassium carbonate aiki faruwa ga daya ko wani nau'in?

Da farko, su ma bambanta da dabara. Polutoravodny kama: K ₂ CO ₃ + 1,5H ₂ Ya, Ina nufin shi ya ƙunshi ruwa da farko. Duk da haka, shi ne ma fi hygroscopic fiye da al'ada. Daga wannan tsari za a iya shirya da kuma anhydrous fom - foda ne isasshe mai tsanani zuwa 130-160 digiri Celsius.

Calcined form samu a cikin aiki da potassium carbonate, samu da danshin na ash bayani a katako vats. Wannan abu ya aikata ba sosai tsabta, don haka dole ne ko dai calcined ko calcined. Wadannan daya daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin, potassium carbonate fararen foda aka samu, da kuma ta bayani ya - gaba daya colorless. A wannan yanayin, da kayan ba ya dauke da ruwa.

da yin amfani da

An dade da kuma har yanzu potassium carbonate a siffofin daban-daban zartar a yawa masana'antu, da kuma tare da mafi daban-daban dalilai. Alal misali, ya ban mamaki ikon tsarkake har yanzu ana amfani da yi sabulu da sauran iyali sunadarai.

Bugu da kari, potash - maganin daskarewa ƙari ga turmi. Kamar yadda irin wannan, shi damar garwayayye zama mafi resistant zuwa sanyi, wanda ya sa ya yiwu don ci gaba da gina ko a fairly low yanayin zafi. Its gagarumin amfani a kan irin wannan kayayyakin shi ne cewa shi ba ya haifar da lalata da Tsarin, kazalika da samuwar efflorescence, wanda zai iya shafi ƙarfi daga cikin tsarin.

Har yanzu potassium carbonate amfani a yi na crystal gilashin, kuma domin high quality-kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Sauya shi a wannan al'amari ba. Kuma bãbu wani analogues wannan abu, misali, a cikin yi da tsaurin gilashi.

Sau da yawa potash - mai launi bangaren a cikin sinadaran masana'antu da shi da ake amfani da su sha hydrogen sulfide daga gas gaurayawan - tare da wannan ya copes yawa fiye da soda. Akwai ya kuma wuri a cikin Pharmaceutical masana'antu: potassium carbonate ne da hannu a wasu halayen, da kuma a wasu wurare bayyana a matsayin gefen sakamako. Wani fannin na aikace-aikace - wuta yarjejeniyar. Wannan abu da aka bi da katako Tsarin, game da shi kara da wuta juriya.

Yana mamaki, amma potash - shi ne ma wani abinci ƙari. Ya code - E501 haka da cewa shi nasa ne a aji na E. Domin a yayin da aka yi amfani da confectionery kasuwanci, misali, a cikin yi da gingerbread. A haske masana'antu, wannan abu ne ma hannu a kan aiwatar da tanning.

A karshe, babban yiwuwa na aikace-aikace na potash a yi na chlorine-free potassium da takin mai magani. Ash kamar yadda amfani da wannan dogon da suka wuce, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shi maye gurbin da miya masana'antu samar. Kila a nan gaba da hanyar Za a yi amfani a kan wani babban sikelin, sun dade da aka sani, kuma shi ne kasa cutarwa idan aka kwatanta da ma'adinai takin amfani a yau.

sauran siffofin

Kamar yadda potash - su ne musamman hygroscopic abu, ta marufi, ajiya da kuma harkokin sufuri ne a karkashin yanayi na musamman. Yawanci, da biyar-Layer bags amfani ga marufi da potassium carbonate. A Iyakar hanyar gujewa maras so ingress na ruwa zuwa cikin wannan abu.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, abin mamaki, duk da cikakken dauki tare da H ₂ Ya, potassium carbonate ne gaba daya narkar da acetone da ethanol.