Phosphorus hydroxide - dabara Properties

Akwai uku azuzuwan hadaddun inorganic mahadi: oxides, hydroxides (da suka hada da acid da kuma sansanonin sojin) da kuma salts daga gare ta. Mutane da yawa karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa iya samar da oxides, hydroxides, kuma wani ɓangare na acid sharan. Saboda haka, phosphorus da aka hada a wani acidic saura PO _4. Akwai da dama iri na phosphorus oxide. Haka kuma, yana da daban-daban hydroxides wanda aka kafa daga wadannan oxides. Karin phosphorus hydroxide - shi ne phosphoric acid. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties daga cikin kashi da ta mahadi, kazalika da gaya maka game da ta ruwan dare a cikin yanayi, da kuma sauran ban sha'awa facts.

Jiki Properties na phosphorus

Yana iya zama a cikin wani iri-iri na bambancin. Phosphorus - wani abu da ya kunshi guda sinadari. Its kwayoyin halitta ba hada ta samar da kwayoyin. Phosphorus dabara - R. Duk da haka, dangane da crystal raga tsarin, da kashi iya zama a cikin nau'i na uku abubuwa.

Mafi na kowa ne fari phosphorus - shi yana da waxy tsarin da kuma high yawan guba. Da narkewa batu na wannan abu ne da arba'in da hudu digiri Celsius da kuma tafasar - ɗari biyu da tamanin da digiri. By gogayya ya sauri ƙone littattafai, don haka yanke shi, kamar ajiye a cikin ruwa yanayi. Idan na dogon lokaci don zafi da shi a zazzabi da ɗari biyu da hamsin da darajõji Centigrade, shi ne tuba zuwa cikin ja phosphorus. Wannan abu da aka gabatar a cikin nau'i na foda brownish-ja launi. Red phosphorus, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da fari, ba m.

A mafi barga nau'i na da wanzuwar wannan kashi iya kira black phosphorus wanda a wasu waje siffofin kama da karfe: yana da wani peculiar mai sheki, yana da high taurin, lantarki da kuma thermal watsin.

A cikin sharuddan sunadarai

Phosphorus - kashi, wanda shi ne a karo na biyar kungiyar da kuma na uku lokaci a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Daga wannan za mu iya cewa da valence na shi ne biyar. Bugu da ƙari, cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin za a iya gani cewa kashi phosphorus yana da wani atomic nauyi daidai da talatin da daya gram da mole. Wannan yana nufin cewa 1 mole na daya za su auna 31 grams. Idan akai la'akari da sinadaran Properties na phosphorus, za mu yi magana a game da halayen da sauki da kuma hadadden mahadi.

Hulda da sauki abubuwa

Abu na farko da lura - da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na phosphorus. Shi ne ta dauki tare da oxygen. All zai dogara ne a kan rabbai daga wadannan aka gyara - A sakamakon haka, biyu daban-daban abubuwa za a iya kafa.

A farko embodiment - na hudu moles na phosphorus da uku moles na oxygen samar biyu moles na phosphorus trioxide. Record kama sinadaran hulda da yin amfani da wadannan lissafi: 4F + 3O ₂ = 2P ₂ Ya _3.

Biyu wani zaɓi - wani samuwar hudu zuwa biyar moles na phosphorus da oxygen moles biyu moles na phosphorus pentoxide. Don bayyana wannan dauki da yin amfani da wadannan lissafi: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ Ya _5.

Lokacin da biyu sinadaran halayen ne mai muhimmanci watsi da haske. Bugu da ari, phosphorus iya hulɗa da irin wannan sauki abubuwa irin karafa, halogens (sunadarin flourine, aidin, bromine, chlorine), sulfur. Active sinadari ne iya nuna duka biyu raguwa da kuma oxidising Properties. An misali na hulda da halogens iya bauta chlorination. Yana auku a matakai biyu. A farko - da samuwar biyu moles na phosphorus trihlorata biyu moles dauke nonmetal da uku moles na chlorine. Wannan dauki za a iya bayyana ta wannan lissafi: 2P + 3Cl ₂ = 2PCl _3.

Na biyu mataki na aiwatar kunshi a Bugu da kari na chlorine atoms zuwa phosphorus trihloratu riga samu. Saboda haka, ban da daya mole na karshen na wannan adadin chlorine samar da mole na phosphorus pentahlorata. Mun rubuta wannan dauki lissafi kamar haka: PCl ₃ + CL ₂ = PCl _5.

Dokokin na phosphorus hulda da karafa iya la'akari da wadannan misali. Idan muka dauki uku moles na potassium da mole na phosphorus da mole samu potassium phosphide. Record wannan irin tsari za a iya yin amfani da wadannan dauki lissafi: P = 3K + K ₃ R.

Hulda da hadaddun abubuwa

Domin hadaddun kwayoyin sunadarai, wanda yake iya maida martani phosphorus hada acid da kuma salts. Mu yanzu bayyana fasali na domin na lamba na kashi tare da data kungiyoyin na sinadarai.

Phosphorous acid da kuma

Daga cikin dukan sauran musamman sananne maida martani phosphorous da nitric acid. Don gudanar da irin wannan dauki dole dauki wadannan aka gyara: phosphorus a cikin wani adadin uku moles na biyar moles na nitric acid da kuma ruwa - biyu moles. A sakamakon sinadaran hulda da muka samu da wadannan kayayyakin: phosphoric acid da nitrogen oxide. Wannan dauki lissafi aka rubuta kamar haka: 3P + 5HNO ₃ + 3H ₂ Ya = 3H ₃ PO ₄ + 5NO.

Phosphorus salts da kuma

Wannan irin sinadaran hulda za a iya gani a matsayin wani misali na dauki karkashin shawara da nonmetal cuprum sulfate. Domin gudanar da wannan tsari shi wajibi ne ya dauki biyu moles na phosphorus, biyar moles na jan karfe sulfate, takwas moles na ruwa. The hulda daga cikin wadannan abubuwa da muka samu da wadannan sinadaran mahadi: acid sulfate a cikin wani adadin biyar moles tsantsa jan - guda, kazalika da phosphoric acid - biyu moles. Record wannan tsari zai iya zama a cikin nau'i na wannan lissafi: 2P + 5CuSO ₄ + 8H ₂ Ya = 5H ₂ SO ₄ + 5Cu + 2h ₃ PO _4.

Shiri na nonmetal

A masana'antu, da sinadaran a tambaya da aka samar daga sinadaran mahadi kamar alli phosphate. Don wannan ne da za'ayi wadannan sinadaran dauki: da ya ce gishiri da ake gauraya ta da yashi (silica) da carbon a matauni rabo na 1: 3: 5, to iya alli silicate, phosphorus da chadny gas a wani matauni rabo na 3: 2: 5.

Phosphorus mahadi da dũkiyõyinsu

Mafi na kowa mahadi na phosphorus da aka dauke da wani nonmetal hydroxide. Yana iya zama na dama iri, dangane da oxide na wanda aka kafa. Samun phosphorus hydroxide ne zai yiwu ta wajen wani sinadaran dauki tsakanin ta oxide da ruwa. Ta hanyar irin wannan dauki samar iri daban-daban abubuwa. Saboda haka, daga cikin hydroxide iya shirya trioxide (3), kuma daga pentoxide - phosphorus hydroxide (5). Wadannan kayan da acidic Properties da suke iya, bi da bi, amsa tare da karafa, salts, da kwasfansu, da sauransu.

Karin phosphorus hydroxide - shi ne phosphoric acid. Shi ne oxygenated da tribasic. Its dabara - H ₃ PO _4.

Babban sinadaran Properties

Hydroxide phosphorus, wanda dabara aka bai sama, na iya maida martani da duka sauki da kuma hadadden mahadi. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan matakai daki-daki.

phosphoric acid dauki tare da karafa

Kamar sauran azuzuwan na sinadaran mahadi, phosphorus hydroxide iya maida martani tare da karafa. A wannan tsari akwai canzawa dauki a wadda karfe sunadaran hydrogen atoms kau da, game da shi, kafa gishiri da kuma hydrogen, saki a cikin iska kamar yadda wani gas da wani m wari. Don wannan dauki za a iya za'ayi, da karfe dole ne armashi, wajen hagu na hydrogen a electrochemical jerin aiki. Wannan shi ne, abubuwa irin su tagulla, da na azurfa da sauransu, kamar su, ba su iya maida martani tare da phosphoric acid, saboda saboda da low reactivity, su ba za su iya zuwa kau da sunadaran hydrogen daga mahadi.

Kamar yadda wani misali, ka yi la'akari aluminum. A lokacin da ƙara biyu moles na kashi biyu moles na phosphorus hydroxide mu samu aluminum phosphate da hydrogen a wani adadin na 2 ko 3 moles bi da bi. A lissafi na dauki aka rubuta kamar haka: 2Al + 2h ₃ PO ₄ = 2AlPO ₄ + 3H _2.

Hulda da kwasfansu

Hydroxide phosphorus, kazalika da yawa wasu acid na iya shiga cikin sunadarai dauki tare da kwasfansu. Irin wannan tafiyar matakai an kira metathesis. Daga gare su, wani sabon sakamakon hydroxide, da kuma sabon acid. Wannan irin dauki za a iya za'ayi kawai idan daya daga cikin samu samfurin ne insoluble a ruwa, Ina nufin precipitates, evaporates cikin wani gas ko ruwa ko ne sosai rauni electrolyte.

Phosphoric acid da kuma salts daga gare

A wannan yanayin ma da shi ya auku musayar dauki. A sakamakon haka, yana yiwuwa a samu wani sabon acid da gishiri. Domin gudanar da irin wannan dauki, ma, dole ne madawwama ta dokoki, wanda aka bayyana kawai a sama.

A amfani da phosphorus da mahadi a masana'antu

A farko fili na wannan sinadari da ake amfani da su sa a cakuda da ne amfani da gefen surface na matchboxes. Har ila yau, tare da cakuda phosphorus bi da kansu shugaban matches. Nonmetal dauke pentoxide ne yadu amfani a matsayin gas na'urar bushewa. Haka kuma an yi amfani da sinadaran masana'antu domin ya sami phosphorus hydroxide, dabara da kuma wanda kaddarorin da aka tattauna a sama. Bugu da kari, shi da ake amfani a yi na gilashi.

phosphorus hydroxide kuma sami aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin masana'antu. Da farko, shi da ake amfani a yi na gargajiya. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa phosphorus ne kawai da muhimmanci ga shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, akwai wani dama daban-daban gargajiya, wanda ake yi a kan tushen da maras karfe mahadi suna dauke. A saboda wannan dalili abubuwa irin alli phosphate. Gishiri da ake amfani da matsayin taki a cikin nau'i na da guduma. Bugu da kari, domin wannan dalili, talakawa kuma sau uku superphosphate. Kamar yadda taki kuma iya bauta ammophos da nitroammophos. Bugu da kari zuwa sama, salts ko phosphorous hydroxide amfani da wani reagent ga ganowa gaban a cikin bayani na azurfa mahadi. Saboda haka, kara abu, wanda ya hada da wani acid saura PO _4, to wani bayani. Idan karshen ƙunshi gishiri ko azurfa hydroxide precipitate fall arziki rawaya launi. Wannan Argentum phosphate da ciwon da sinadaran dabara: AgNO _3.

A tsarin da phosphorus zarra

An sani cewa duk kwayoyin zarra an hada da wani tsakiya da kuma electrons juyawa a kusa da shi. A tsakiya ƙunshi protons da neutrons. Electrons da wani mummunan cajin, protons - tabbatacce kuma neutrons - sifili. A serial number na phosphorus a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur - goma sha biyar. Yana iya ƙarasa daga wannan cewa su goma sha biyar protons kunshe ne a cikin ta tsakiya. Idan zarra ne tsaka tsaki, ba wani ion, electrons a matsayin mai yawa da kuma protons. Wannan shi ne yanayin da phosphor na goma sha biyar.

Idan daya electron zai bar ta kewayewa, da zarra zama gaskiya ma cajin ion, cewa shi ne mai cation. Idan daya electron a haɗe form a barnatar da cajin ion - anion.

A lokaci-lokaci tsarin sunadarai abubuwa za a iya gani cewa phosphorus nasa ne da na uku lokacin. Daga wannan a fili yake cewa akwai uku daga cikin sarari guda a cikin abin da electrons an ko'ina rarraba a kusa da zuciyar. Biyu na farko suna located on na biyu - takwas electrons, da kuma na uku - biyar.

Yaduwar a cikin yanayi

A taro sulusi da murabba'i na phosphorus a cikin ɓawon burodi ne 0,08%. Ya ba sosai na kowa a cikin yanayi, da wani sinadari. Duk da haka, akwai wani rukuni na ma'adanai, wanda sun hada da phosphorus. Wannan apatite da phosphorite. The fi na kowa a cikin na farko da kungiyar - fluorapatite. Its sinadaran dabara ne kamar haka: 3Ca ₃ (PO4) ₂ • CAF _2. Ya bayyana a sarari, kore da kuma turquoise tabarau. Daga cikin alli phosphate phosphate rarraba mafi, da ciwon da sinadaran dabara: Ca ₃ (PO4) _2. Bugu da ƙari, phosphorus mahadi samu a cikin abun da ke ciki na daban-daban tsokoki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Rawar da phosphorus da mahadi a yanayi da jiki

Wannan sinadari ne da muhimmanci sosai ga dace aiki na kusan dukan gabobin da kuma tsarin. A farko wuri shi ne, ba zai yiwu ba tare da matsala-free aikin da kodan. Wannan kashi ne da hannu a cikin metabolism da kwayoyin. Yana kuma taimaka wa speedy farfadowa daga kyallen takarda. Ba tare da shi, wasu bitamin kawai ba za a iya kunna ba amfani ga jiki - wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kusan duk bitamin kari a matsayin ƙarin bangaren sukan kara phosphorus. Bugu da kari, shi ne daya daga cikin sinadaran abubuwa da cewa tabbatar da al'ada aiki na zuciya. Ya, kuma duk na sama, da gudummawa wajen aiwatar da cell division, don haka ba tare da wannan alama kashi ba zai iya zama rayuwa a duniya.

Regulation na ruwa-gishiri balance - daya mafi alama, wanda aka kwashe a jikin dangane karkashin shawara a wannan labarin nonmetal. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne daya daga cikin babban aka gyara daga kashi da tsoka nama. A manyan yawan shi yana kunshe ne a cikin hakora. Bugu da kari, shi ne kuma ya kamata a lura da cewa phosphorus da aka hannu a tabbatar da al'ada aiki na juyayi tsarin. Alamun rashin alama kashi a cikin jiki dauke da wadannan: gajiya, low yadda ya dace, disturbances a cikin juyayi tsarin (neurosis, ciwon iska, da dai sauransu), kuma m colds, ci na zuciya tsoka, zafi a ƙasũsuwa da, tsokoki, da talauci sosai ci. Don kauce wa irin wannan sabon abu, a matsayin phosphorus karanci a cikin jiki, shi wajibi ne su san abin da kayayyakin da shi ya ƙunshi. Tsẽrẽwa daga gare kayayyakin dauke arziki sinadari, haskaka kifi. Musamman high phosphorus maida hankali ne lura a wannan siffofin kamar yadda sturgeon, mackerel, doki mackerel, tuna, kifin gwangwani, capelin, pollock, smelt. Har ila yau ya tattauna a cikin wannan labarin, wata alama ma'adinai samu a kaguwa nama, jatan lande, kazalika a kiwo kayayyakin kamar gida cuku, cream cuku, cuku.

binciken

Phosphorus ne, ko da yake ba sosai na kowa a duniya sinadari, amma yana da babban muhimmanci daga masana'antu da kuma nazarin halittu ra'ayi. Shi da sadarwa, musamman, phosphorus hydroxide, amfani da a samar da iri daban-daban kayayyakin. A labarin da ya bayyana da kaddarorin hydroxide phosphorus (phosphoric acid), da kuma musamman ta interactions da karafa, da kwasfansu, da salts.