Paul Yablochkov: takaice dai biography, photos, sabuwar dabara. Bude Yablochkov Pavel Nikolayevich

Yau wuya su yi tunanin cewa da kalmar "wutar lantarki" bai san duk game da 100 da suka wuce. A gwaji kimiyya ba haka ba ne mai sauki samu wani majagaba, duka a cikin msar tambayar. A litattafan da aka rubuta, Archimedes, Pythagoras Theorem, binomial Theorem, da Copernican tsarin, Einstein ka'idar, lokaci-lokaci tebur ... Amma sunan mutumin da ya ƙirƙira lantarki haske, ba kowa da kowa ya sani.

Wane ne ya halitta gilashin flask tare da karfe gashin a ciki - wani haske kwan fitila? Ba shi da sauki ga amsa wannan tambaya. Bayan duk, wannan ƙiren ƙarya da dangantaka da dozin masana kimiyya. A da darajõji - Pavel Yablochkov, takaice dai biography da aka gabatar a wannan labarin. Wannan Rasha kirkiro tsaye a waje ba kawai ta girma (198 cm), amma kuma aiki. Aikinsa aza harsashin ginin for lighting da wutar lantarki. Ba don kome ba a cikin kimiyya al'umma har yanzu yana da ikon adadi na bincike kamar yadda Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Wannan ƙirƙira shi? Amsar wannan tambaya, kazalika da yawa wasu ban sha'awa facts game da Paul Nikolaevich, za ka sami wannan labarin.

Origin, shekaru na ilimi

Sa'ad da Bulus ya Yablochkov (photo sama ya nuna shi) da aka haife, a cikin Volga yankin ya kwalara. Mahaifansa biyu tsoron bambamce babbar teku, don haka ba su sha da yaro zuwa coci don baftisma. A banza masana tarihi kokarin samun Yablochkov sunan a cikin coci records. Uwãyensa sun kasance kananan gonaki, da kuma Paul ta yarantaka Yablochkov shige zare jiki, a babban gidan gona gidan da rabin komai dakuna, mezzanine da kuma gonaki.

Sa'ad da Bulus ya shekara 11 da haihuwa, ya tafi zuwa karatu a cikin dakin motsa jiki Saratov. Ya kamata a lura da cewa for 4 shekaru kafin Nikolai Chernyshevsky, malamin freethinker, bar wannan ma'aikata a St. Petersburg yar jam'iyyar kadet Corps. Paul Yablochkov karatu a makaranta domin dogon. Bayan wani lokaci, iyalinsa ƙwarai matalauta. Daga wannan halin da ake ciki ya kasance daya - soja aiki, wanda aka riga gabatar da wani iyali hadisin. Kuma Bulus ya tafi a Yablochkov Pavlovsky fādar St. Petersburg, wanda aka kira da Mikhailovsky Castle a madadin na da mazauna.

Yablochkov - soja m

Sevastopol yaƙin neman zaɓe a wannan lokaci ya kasance a cikin 'yan baya (kasa da ko da shekaru goma). Yana bayyana ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa tsananin hĩla, kazalika da high art na cikin gida da USAID. Soja Engineering a cikin wadanda shekaru ne a Premium. Janar Karna Maiya Totleben, wanda ya zama sananne a lokacin Crimean War, da kaina nurtured Engineering School, wadda a yanzu karatu Pavel Yablochkov.

Tarihinsa da aka alama wadannan shekaru da suke zaune a cikin gidan baki Cesar Cui, m-general, wanda ya sanar da a wannan makaranta. Ya kai talanti ɗaya, har ma fiye da hazaka mawaki da kuma music sukar lamiri. Ya songs kuma opera rayuwa a yau. Watakila wadannan ne shekaru ciyar a cikin babban birnin kasar, shi ya farin ciki da murna ga Pavel Nikolayevich. An ba da aka musamman, shi ya ba tukuna kasance patrons da kuma bashi. Great m ya ba tukuna zo da shi, duk da haka, da kuma acin rai, wanda baya cika rayuwa, duk da haka ya ba.

A farko setback Yablochkov idan bayan samun digiri da ya ciyar da su biyu leftana ta aika da sabis a cikin na biyar Sapper rajimanti nufin da Kiev sansanin soja sansanin. Gaskiya bataliya, wanda ya hadu da Pavel, wata 'yar kama da m, ban sha'awa rayuwa injiniya wanda mafarkin na shi a St. Petersburg. Soja na Yablochkov bai yi aiki ba: a shekara daga baya ya yi murabus "saboda rashin lafiya".

A farko sani da wutar lantarki

Bayan wannan mafi asalin {lokacin ya fara a Pavel Nikolayevich rayuwa. Duk da haka, ya bude daya taron cewa ya juya ya zama da muhimmanci sosai a masa abin rekõdinsa. A shekara bayan murabus bayyana kwatsam a sake a cikin Army Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. Biography shi sa'an nan ya tafi wani mabanbanta hanyar ...

A nan gaba kirkiro horar a Technical galvanic ma'aikata. Ga ilimi a fagen "galvanism da magnetism" (kalmar "wutar lantarki" kamar yadda muka ce, ba tukuna zama) fadada da zurfafa. Yawancin shahararrun injiniyoyin da matasa masana kimiyya a cikin matasa, kamar mu gwarzo, circling ta hanyar rayuwar primerivayas, peering, neman wani abu, sai kwatsam ba su sami abin da ka kallo. Sa'an nan wata fitina ba ba zai iya ɓatar da su. Hakazalika, 22-shekara Pavel sami ya kira - wutar lantarki. Ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don ya Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Qirqire sanya ta shi, suna dukan da alaka da wutar lantarki.

Jobs in Moscow, don saduwa da sabon mutane

Pavel karshe bar sojojin. Ya tafi zuwa Moscow da da ewa ba gangarawa management gidan waya sabis Railway (Moscow-Kursk). Ga kuma dashi a dakin gwaje-gwaje, za ka iya riga duba wasu, ko da yake har yanzu m ideas. Pavel ne mai karfi da kuma kimiyya jama'a ha masana kimiyya. A Moscow, ya san game da Polytechnique nuni kawai ya bude. Yana gabatar da latest nasarori na cikin gida da kayan. A Yablochkov bayyana shirkinku, abokai, wanda, kamar kansa, m lantarki tartsatsi - kankanin mutum da aka yi walƙiya! Tare da daya daga cikinsu, Glukhov Didenko, Pavel yanke shawarar da ya bude ya "kasuwanci". Muna magana ne game a duniya lantarki bitar.

Motsi zuwa Paris, mai lamban kira a kan wani kyandir

Duk da haka, da "sa" da suka fashe. Wannan shi ne saboda ir na kurãme ne kuma Yablochkov ba 'yan kasuwa. Domin kauce wa cin bashi ta kurkuku, Pavel Nikolayevich gaggawa a je kasashen waje. A cikin bazara na 1876, a Paris, samu wani lamban kira ga "lantarki kyandir" Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Da sabuwar dabara na wannan ba zai kasance da idan ba don baya nasarori a kimiyya. Saboda haka, gaya mana a takaice game da su.

Tarihi fitilu zuwa Yablochkov

Mun yi karamin tarihi digression sadaukar maras motsi don bayyana mafi muhimmanci firtsi Yablochkov, ba tare da samun a lokaci guda a cikin fasaha Jungle. A farko fitilar ne a mika wutar. Yana da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, tun prehistoric sau. Sa'an nan (zuwa Yablochkov) da aka ƙirƙira farko tocilan, sa'an nan an mai fitila, da dai sauransu - kyandir bayan wani lokaci - a kananzir fitilar, kuma a karshe, a gas fitila. Duk wadannan fitilu, a duk bambancin, sõyayya da wanda kowa manufa: a cikin su wani abu kona a lokacin da a hade tare da oxygen.

Da sabuwar dabara arcing

VV Petrov, a talented Rasha masanin kimiyya wanda a 1802 aka bayyana a cikin kwarewa a cikin yin amfani da galvanic abubuwa. Wannan kirkiro ya samu wani lantarki baka, ya halicci duniya ta farko da wutar lantarki ta wucin gadi haske. Walƙiya ne a halitta haske. Game da shi ya dade da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, da sauran abu ne cewa, mutane ba su fahimta da yanayi.

Suna fadin Petrov zai aika ba, a aikin da aka rubuta a Rasha. A da shi ba a sani ba a Turai, don haka dogon girmamawa ga bude baka dangana ga sunadarai Davy, sanannen English sunadarai. Hakika, ya san kome ba game da kai Petrova. Ya maimaita masa kwarewa bayan shekaru 12 da kuma mai suna a cikin girmamawa Volta baka, sanannen likita daga Italiya. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa sosai A. Volta yana babu abin yi.

Arc fitilu kuma disadvantages hade tare da su

Opening na Rasha da kuma harshen Turanci masanin kimiyyar ya impetus zuwa fitowan da tushen sabon baka fitilu, da wutar lantarki. Suka matso biyu wayoyin, baka haskaka sa'an nan ya bayyana haske. Duk da haka, da Rashin kyaunta shine cewa carbon wayoyin da aka kone bayan wani lokaci, da kara nesa therebetween. A karshen, da baka mutu fita. Yana da ya wajaba don ci gaba da kawo tare da wayoyin. Saboda haka akwai daban-daban bambanci, lokaci, hannunka da kuma sauran gyara sunadaran, wanda, bi da bi, ya bukatar kusa dubawa. A fili yake cewa a duk fitilar wannan irin kasance wani matsanancin sabon abu.

A farko Lagwani fitilar da ta disadvantages

Faransa masanin kimiyya Zhobar samarwa amfani ga lighting Iskar Wutar lantarki wayoyi, ba da baka. Shanzhi, ya compatriot, kokarin haifar da fitilar. AN Lodygin, Rasha kirkiro kawo shi "a cikin zuciya." Ya halitta na farko Lagwani haske kwan fitila, Fit for yi. Amma coke core cikin shi kuwa yana da m, kuma m. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin wani gilashi flask akwai kasa injin, duk da haka shi da sauri ƙone sanda. Saboda wannan, a cikin tsakiyar 1870s a kan fitilar nakalyvaniya yanke shawarar saka a giciye. A ir sun sake koma wa cikin baka. A sa'an nan da Paul bayyana bullseye.

lantarki kyandir

Abin baƙin ciki, ba mu san yadda ya ƙirƙira kyandir. Riya a shi ya zo a lokacin Pavel sha wahala tare da gwamnoni da kafa su baka fitilar. A karo na farko a cikin tarihin na Railways an shigar a kan jirgin kasa (musamman jirgin kasa, wadda bi a cikin Crimea da Tsar Alexander II). Zai yiwu baka catcher, ba zato ba tsammani ya barke a studio, ya sunk a cikin rai. Akwai wani labari cewa, a wani Paris cafe Yablochkov bazata sa biyu pencils gefe da gefe a kan tebur. Kuma a sa'an nan shi dawned a kan ni: Ba ni da wani abu da a cire tare! Bari wayoyin ne gaba, bayan da fis insulator, konewa a baka ya kahu a tsakanin su. Saboda haka, wayoyin zai ƙone da kuma taqaitaccen a lokaci guda! Kamar yadda suka ce, duk m - kawai.

Kamar kyandir Yablochkov nasara da duniya

Yablochkov kyandir a kan na'urar da aka gaske sauki. Kuma wannan ya kasance ta babban amfani. Dealers, ba su fahimta da fasaha ya samuwa ga ma'anarta. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kyandir Yablochkov da unprecedented gudun nasara da duniya. Its farko zanga-zanga da aka gudanar a cikin bazara na 1876 a London. Pavel, wanda ya kwanan nan tsere daga creditors, koma zuwa Paris da aka riga aka sani zuwa ga? Ir. Gangamin Operation patents na zuwa gare shi a can take.

musamman factory da aka kafa, wanda samar 8 dubu. kyandirori, a kullum. Sun zama haskaka daga Paris ta shahara da shaguna da kuma otel-otel, wani na cikin gida filin sukuwa da wasan kwaikwayo, da tashar jiragen ruwa a Le Havre. Garland fitilu bayyana a Opera titi - wani mataki mai spectacle, a real hikaya. A kowa na lebe kasance "Rasha duniya". Su ganin darajarsa daya daga cikin haruffa P. I. Chaykovsky. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev kuma rubuta daga Paris wa ɗan'uwansa cewa Paul Yablochkov ƙirƙira wani abu gaba ɗaya sabon a cikin lighting. Pavel alfahari jawabin daga baya cewa wutar lantarki yada a ko'ina cikin duniya saboda Faransa babban birnin kasar da kuma samun zuwa kotu na Sarkin Cambodia da kuma cikin Shah Farisa, kuma ba sabanin haka ba - daga Amirka zuwa Paris, kamar yadda da'awa.

"Karewa" kyandirori

Amazing abubuwa alama tarihin kimiyya! A duka lantarki lighting na duniya, karkashin jagorancin P. N. Yablochkovym game da shekaru biyar triumphantly motsa, a gaskiya, a kan banza, ba daidai ba hanya. Very dogon zaunanniya kyandirori bikin, kazalika da kudi 'yancin kai Yablochkov. Kyandir ba kawai "iri na", amma ta iya tsayawa ba da gasar tare da Lagwani fitilu. Gudummawar da wannan babbar damuwa cewa ta yi. Wannan rage daga cikin luminous batu a cikin konewa tsari, da kuma fragility.

Hakika, da aikin na Swann, Lodygina, Maxim, Edison da sauran ir Nernst Lagwani fitilar, bi da bi, ba nan da nan shawo mutãne, a cikin anfanin ta. Ta'anak duk a cikin 1891, ya kafa masa hula a kan gas kuka. Wannan hula qara haske a karshen. Ko sa'an nan, akwai lokatan lokuta inda hukumomin yanke shawarar maye gurbin gas shigar lantarki fitilu. Duk da haka, a lokacin rayuwa da Pavel Nikolayevich ya bayyana cewa kyandir ƙirƙira su m. Mene ne dalilin da cewa sunan mahaliccin "Rasha duniya" wa yau an daidaita rubũtacce a cikin tarihi na kimiyya, da kuma fiye da karni kewaye da girmama juna da kuma girmama?

Ma'ana firtsi Yablochkov

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich farko amince a zukatan lantarki haske. Fitilar, wadda kawai jiya ne sosai rare, a yau kusata mutum ya daina zama irin na kasashen waje mu'ujiza, to shawo mutanen da suka farin ciki nan gaba. M, kuma m gajeren tarihin wannan sabuwar dabara da gudummawar da bayani na da yawa latsa matsaloli da ya fuskanta da fasahar da lokaci.

A kara biography na Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov

Pavel zauna a takaice rai, wanda ya ba murna sosai. Bayan Paul Yablochkov ƙirƙira ya kyandir, ya yi aiki wuya a kasar, da kuma kasashen waje. Duk da haka, ba nasa m nasarori ne ba ya canzawa sosai ga ci gaban fasaha, ya kyandir. Mutane da yawa ayyukan Pavel sa a kan halittar farko lantarki log a cikin kasar da ake kira "Wutar Lantarki". Ya fara fitar da 1880 Bugu da kari, Maris 21, 1879 Pavel karanta wani rahoto a kan wutar lantarki lighting a Rasha Technical Society. Ya aka bayar da lambar yabo na Society for kyaututukan da ya samu. Duk da haka, wadannan alamu sun kasa zuwa Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov aka bai kyau aiki yanayin. The kirkiro gane cewa a baya Rasha 1880 kadan ikon yinsa, domin motsa jiki na ta fasaha ideas. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne samar da wutar lantarki da motoci, wanda ake gina Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Taqaitaccen Tarihin shi sake lura da tafi zuwa Paris. Lokacin da ya koma can a 1880, ya sayar da lamban kira zuwa injin dinamo, sa'an nan ya fara shirye-shirye don, da aka gudanar karo na farko shiga a cikin World electrotechnical nuni. Ta bude da aka shirya domin 1881. Tun da farko a wannan shekara, ya sadaukar da kansa gaba daya da zane Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich.

Brief biography na kimiyyar da ke cewa Yablochkov firtsi a nuni a 1881, ya samu lambar yabo mafi girma da. Sun cancanci ya san kuma daga gasar. Ikonsa ya high, da kuma Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich zama memba na kasa da kasa juri, wanda aiki ya yi bitar farfado da kuma yanke shawara don lashe kyautar da kyaututtuka. Ya kamata a ce cewa wannan sosai nuni ya zama rabo na Lagwani fitilu. Tun wannan lokacin, wani lantarki tartsatsi ne a hankali fara droop.

A m shekaru Yablochkov fara aiki a electrochemical Kwayoyin da Dynamo - lantarki janareta. A hanyar da Pavel ya a cikin ayyukansu, shi ne juyin juya halin Musulunci a zamaninmu. Nasarorin da shi na iya Herald wani sabon zamanin a cikin wutar lantarki aikin injiniya. Yablochkov taba koma zuwa ga haske Madogararsa. A m shekaru, ya ƙirƙira dama lantarki da motoci da kuma samu patents a kan su.

A karshe shekaru na rayuwa da ya kirkiro

A lokacin daga 1881 zuwa 1893 Yablochkov za'ayi masa gwaje-gwajen a wuya abu yanayi, da ci gaba da aikin. Ya rayu a Paris, gaba daya surrendering ga matsaloli na kimiyya. Scientist gwaji da basira, tambaya mai yawa asali ra'ayoyi a aikinsu, za a m da sosai m hanyoyi. Hakika, ya kasance gaba na jihar da art, kimiyya da masana'antu a lokacin. A fashewa, wanda ya faru a lokacin da gwaje-gwajen a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kusan kudin da rai na Pavel Nikolayevich. Dindindin hanawa na kudi wuri, kazalika da cututtukan zuciya, wanda duk cigaban - duk wannan gurgunta sojojin na kirkiro. Bayan wani goma sha uku-shekara rashi, ya yanke shawarar komawa zuwa mahaifarsa.

Pavel tafi Rasha a watan Yuli 1893, amma ya zama da lafiya nan da nan bayan da ya dawo. Ya same shi a cikin Estate a guje gona da cewa ba zai iya fatan inganta da kudi halin da ake ciki. Tare da matarsa ​​da dansa Pavel zauna a Saratov hotel. Ya ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen koda lokacin da rashin lafiya da kuma yanke wa.

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich, da bude daga abin da aka daidaita rubũtacce a tarihin kimiyya, ya mutu daga cututtukan zuciya yana da shekaru 47 (shekaru a 1894), a birnin Saratov. Ra'ayoyin da ayyukan mu motherland girman kai.