Pantheism - a falsafar da cewa? Ra'ayi da kuma wakilan pantheism. Pantheism Renaissance

"Pantheism" - shi ne a wani ajali wanda a zahiri translation daga Girkanci falsafar "duk Allah." Wannan imani tsarin, wanda ayan converge, har ma da katin shaida na Concepts "Allah" da "yanayi". Kamar wancan ne Allah wakiltar wani m farko, shi ne ba a duk, shi ne rabuwa daga mai rai.

Jigon pantheism

Tun pantheism unites Allah-abu, da kuma duniya-sararin samaniya, akwai bukatar ga hulda da rikicewar halayen da Allah a wajen ɗabi'arsa, kamar rashin iyaka, har abada, immutability, da kuma motsi, da m volatility na duniya yanayi. A zamanin d Falsafa Parmenides Allah da kuma duniya ba za a iya rabu da juna, tare da canzawa abin bautãwa a cikin nau'i na musaman da alheri, da dukan abubuwa masu rai (kamar wani m cyclical). Amma pantheism a falsafar Hegel baiwa bautãwa yawanci uncharacteristic ikon matsawa da kuma ci gaba, haka ne kawar da babban rikitarwa a tsakanin allahntaka da kuma rai. Magoya bayan Bõyayye pantheism ayan ganin Allah a matsayin irin hakan dokar, har abada, kuma canzawa karfi cewa na shugabancin duniya. Wannan line yin tunani da na raya Heraclitus, mabiya Stoicism, don haka a general sharuddan, ya Spinoza ta pantheism. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Neo-Platonic falsafa tashi emanation wani irin pantheism, bisa ga abin halitta ne da wani emanation samu daga Allah. Emanation pantheism a falsafar tsakiyar zamanai ba a rikicin da rinjaye tauhidin rukunan, amma kawai wakilta wani bambancin da labarun almara. Wannan irin pantheism za a iya gani a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Davida Dinanskogo da Eriugena.

kwatance pantheism

A cikin tarihi na falsafa , biyu kwatance zama da hada duk na pantheistic rukunan:

1. The naturalistic pantheism, gabatar a cikin ayyukansu na Stoics, Bruno, Spinoza part, deifies yanayi, duk abubuwa masu rai. An halin Concepts kamar iyaka hankali da rai na duniya. Wannan Trend o ƙarin tabbatar da jari-hujja, da rage daga cikin allahntaka manufa a cikin ni'imar da na halitta.

2. sufi pantheism ci gaba a cikin rukunai na Eckhart, Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, Malebranche, Boehme, Paracelsus. Domin sanin wannan shugabanci akwai wani mafi daidai Kalmar "panentheism" - "duk a cikin Allah", kamar yadda masana falsafa na wannan Trend ne ba su iya ganin Allah a cikin yanayi da kuma yanayi a Allah. Nature - daban matakin na kasancewar Allah (haƙiƙa idealism).

Akwai misalai masu yawa na hadawa da iri pantheism cikin koyarwar zurfin tunani.

labarin

Domin da farko lokacin da Kalmar "pantheism" (ko kuma wajen "pantheist") amfani da Dzhon Toland, English jari Falsafa kasashen waje XVII-XVIII ƙarni. Amma da tushen tafi pantheistic ganewarsu a zamanin d addini da kuma falsafa tsarin. Saboda haka, Hindu, da kuma Brahmanism a zamanin d India Vedanta da Taoism a zamanin d China sun fili pantheistic a yanayi.

Ancient addini da kuma falsafa texts, dauke da ra'ayin pantheism ne tsohuwar India Vedas da Upanishads. Ga 'yan Hindu, Brahman - ne Unlimited, m, m mahaluži cewa zama tushen duk rayuwa a cikin sararin samaniya, duk abin da ya taɓa kasancewa ko zai wanzu. A rubutu na Upanishads kullum ya tabbatar da ra'ayin hadin kai tsakanin Brahman da kuma duniya.

Ancient Sin Taoism - warai pantheistic rukunan, Harsashin wanda aka bayyana a cikin aikin "Tao Te Ching" da aka rubuta da Semi-almara Sage Lao Tzu. Domin Taoists babu mahalicci Allah, ko wani anthropomorphic jiki, allahntaka manufa ne m, shi ne mai kama da ra'ayi na hanyar da yake ba a dukkan, kõme, kuma mamaki.

Pantheistic nufi ne ba a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri a da yawa kabilanci addinai na Afirka, lauye da shirka da animism. Zoroastrianism da kuma addinin Buddha ma wasu kwarara panteistichny a yanayi.

A 14-15 ƙarni a Yammacin Turai, pantheism ya kasance a cikin ƙi. A koyarwar shahararren Kirista masana tauhidi John Scotus Erigena, Meister Eckhart da Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kasance sosai kusa da shi, amma a fili a cikin goyon bayan wannan ganewarsu sanya kawai Dzhordano Bruno. Yaduwar a Turai pantheism ideas tsiwirwirinsu ta hanyar ayyukan Spinoza.

A 18th karni a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da ikonsa, da ya pantheistic jin zuciya wãtsu Yammacin masana falsafa. Tuni a cikin farkon karni na 19th of pantheism magana a matsayin addini na nan gaba. A cikin karni na 20th wannan duniya da aka tura ajiye ta akidar farkisanci da kuma gurguzu.

Pantheism asalin a zamanin d falsafa

Pantheism - wannan shi ne falsafar tsufa, babban kashi na dukkan ilimi na duniya, yanayi da halittu. Ya farko ci karo da koyarwar gabascin pre-Socratic lokaci - Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander da Heraclitus. Domin Helenawa na addini a lokacin da shi da aka har yanzu halin da kwazo shirka. Saboda haka, farkon tsoho pantheism - wani imani da wani irin mai rai Allahntakar muhimmi a duk abin duniya, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da na halitta mamaki.

Zenith kai pantheistic falsafa a cikin rukunan da Stoics. Bisa ga koyaswar sarari shi ne guda jiki na wuta. Stoic pantheism tana misalin da kuma haɗa kan bangaskiya dukan abubuwa masu rai, da kuma bil'adama musamman, tare da halittu. Last - shi ne duka Allah da kuma duniya jihar. Saboda haka, pantheism ne ma asali daidaitakar dukan mutane.

A lokacin da Roman Empire, falsafar pantheism ne tartsatsi godiya ga m matsayi na makaranta na Stoics da Neoplatonists.

Middle Ages

Tsakiyar zamanai - sarautar da addinan tauhidi, wanda aka halin ma'anar Allah kamar yadda mai iko hali, a mamayar da a kan mutum, da kuma a kan duniya. A wannan lokaci, pantheism nace emanation ka'idar Neo-Platonic falsafa, wanda ya wakilci wani jayayya da addini. A karo na farko pantheism matsayin jari ganewa bayyana a Davida Dinanskogo. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa zuciyar dan Adam, Allah kuma kayan duniya - wannan abu.

Mutane da yawa Kirista ƙungiya-ƙungiya gane da hukuma Church heresies da kuma gurfanar, kula ga pantheism (misali amalrikane a XIII karni.).

abu akan sake haihuwa

A bambanci ga na da tauhidin, Renaissance gabascin ya juya zuwa ga tsoho al'adunmu da na halitta falsafa, da biyan karin da hankali ga kimiyya, da kuma fahimta daga asiran da yanayi. The kama da tsoho look ne kawai iyakance fitarwa na kirki da kuma tashin hankali na duniya, da halittu, amma muhimmanci hanyoyin daban-daban na binciken. Ya ƙaryata rationalist ra'ayoyi na tsufa (musamman, da kimiyyar lissafi na Aristotle) da za'ayi da ra'ayoyi na sihiri da occult ilmi yanayi kamar yadda daya daga hurarrun farko. A babban taimako ga wannan filin da aka yi da wani Jamus alchemist, likita kuma astrologer Paracelsus, yana amfani da sihiri da kokarin sarrafa Archaean (rai) yanayi.

Wannan pantheism Renaissance hali na da yawa falsafa theories na lokaci, shi ne mai kokarin nema batu tsakanin tsakaitãwa na halitta falsafa da kuma tauhidin.

Fassarar pantheism a cikin koyarwar Nikolaya Kuzanskogo

Daya daga cikin haske wakilan pantheism Early Renaissance shi ne shahararren Jamus Falsafa Nikolay Kuzansky. Ya rayu a cikin karni na 15th (1401-1464 shekaru). A waɗannan kwanaki kuma na samu wani m ilimi, kuma ya kasance wani firist. Ya sosai hazaka, aikata wa Church, kuma yana da wata nasara aiki, zama a 1448 a Cardinal. Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin da ransa ya karfafa ikon Katolika. Tare da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar Church a Turai Cusa yawa lokaci zuwa falsafa rubuce-rubucen. Ya views aka hankali alaka da koyarwa na tsakiyar zamanai. Amma pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kuma samu cikin rabuwa mutuncin Organic, m motsi da kuma ci gaba na duniya da kuma, sabili da haka, ta muhimmi Allahntakar. Ya contrasted da kai-da tabbacin ilimi na tsakiyar zamanai game da Allah da kuma duniya da ka'idar "koya jahilci," ainihin ra'ayin abin da yake cewa babu wani daga duniya masana kimiyya ba su iya fahimtar allahntaka girman da rashin iyaka.

Falsafar Giordano Bruno

Zurfin tunani da kuma mawãƙi, mai bin Cusa da samman, 16th karni Italian Falsafa Giordano Bruno wani real pantheist. All rayuwa a duniya ya yi ĩmãni ruhaniya, albarkace su da walƙiya na allahntaka hali. Bisa ga koyarwar, Allah aka samu a dukkan sassa na duniya ba tare da togiya - mai girma da kuma mafi karami, a fake. All yanayi da mutum - a cikakke rai gabar.

A wani yunkurin haifar da wani akida gaskata ga Copernican rukunan, ya sa a gaba da ka'idar kasancewar mahara halittu da kuma sararin samaniya, abin da ba ya kan iyakoki.

Pantheism Dzhordano Bruno, wani Italian zurfin tunani na XVI karni, daga baya ya zama classic ra'ayi na Renaissance.

Pantheism a cikin falsafa rukunan Spinoza

Spinoza ta falsafa al'adunmu - shi ne haske manufar pantheism, halitta a sabon lokaci. ya yi amfani da lissafi hanya, kamar yadda shi da kansa ya kira shi su gabatar da hangen nesa daga cikin duniya. Su shiryar da shi zuwa haifar da muhimman hakkokin aikin "xa'a", sadaukar da falsafa metaphysics, yanayin, Allah, mutumin. A raba sashe ne kishin da zuciyar dan Adam, ji, da halin kirki da kuma da'a al'amurran da suka shafi. Marubucin ya kafa daga kan kowane batu a wani m jerin tabbatar da dalilin bayan - wani axiom, sa'an nan - theorems da su hujjoji.

A tsakiyar rukunan Spinoza - da ra'ayin na ainihi daga Allah ta halitta da kuma abu. A fifiko na allahntaka, ya rawa wajen overall hoto na duniya halayyar zamani falsafa. Amma Spinoza bayan Descartes Kare view cewa wanzuwar (zama) na Allah bukatar tabbatar. Bisa ga muhawara na wanda ya gada, ya kara da yawa daga cikin ka'idar: Spinoza ƙaryata asali ba, a priori da wanzuwar Allah. Amma hujja da wannan ne zai yiwu godiya ga wadannan ka'idojin:

- a duniya da wani iyaka yawan knowable abubuwa.

- guntun tunanin ba zai iya fahimtar iyaka gaskiya.

- ilimi shi yiwuwa ba tare da shiga tsakanin na waje sojojin - wannan ikon Allah ne.

Saboda haka, a falsafar Spinoza faruwa m fili (Allah) da kuma karshe (mutum, na halitta), da karshen kasancewa kanta ya tabbatar da gaban da farko. Ko da tunani na kasancewar Allah ba zai iya bayyana da kansa a cikin zuciyar dan Adam - shi ya sanya wa Allah da kansa. Wannan shi ne bayyana pantheism na Spinoza. A zama na Allah ne rabuwa daga duniya, shi yiwuwa ba tare da shi. Haka kuma, Allah yana alaka da duniya, shi ne muhimmi a duk ta manifestations. Shi ne ma dalilin da wanzuwar duk mai rai, kuma maras rai duniya da kuma hanyar ta kasancewar kansa ba. Wadannan da rinjaye falsafa hadisin, Spinoza furta Allah shi ne cikakken iyaka abu bai wa wani dama na Properties cewa fahince ta dawwama da rashin iyaka.

Idan sauran membobin pantheism sahu dualistic view na duniya, inda a can ne biyu dogayen sanda - Allah kuma yanayi, Spinoza wajen deifies duniya. Wannan irin mahada zuwa ga tsohon maguzancin asiri. Namun daji a cikin madawwami cyclical ci gaba da kuma akwai wani abin bautãwa, haihuwar da kanta. A halin Allahntaka da yake ba wani abu daban, delimited da kayan duniya, a maimakon haka, shi ne Bõyayye, muhimmi a cikin dukan abubuwa masu rai. Anthropomorphic, na kanka tokovanie Allah ya yarda a yawancin addinai, shi ne cikakken dan hanya zuwa Spinoza. Saboda haka, na halitta falsafa da kuma pantheism na Renaissance samu ta fi cikakiyar a guda rukunan.

A halin yanzu halin da ake ciki

Saboda haka pantheism - wannan shi ne falsafar tunanin a cikin abin da Allah da kuma yanayi kusa da juna (ko hada), wani tunani na allahntaka ne ba a cikin dukan abubuwa masu rai. Ya ke a daya nau'i ko wata ne ba a cikin koyarwar daban-daban masana falsafa daga zamanin da, shi ya kai cikin mafi girma da ci gaba a cikin Renaissance da kuma na zamani sau, amma ba a manta da daga baya. Domin da Thinkers na XIX karni, da kalmar "pantheism" ya ba da wani kuskuren ya auku. Saboda haka, a cikin addini da kuma da'a imani tsarin L. N. Tolstogo ya siffofin fili bayyane.

A tsakiyar karni XIX pantheism shi ne don haka yadada cewa kusantar da hankalin da hukuma coci. Paparoma Pius IX a cikin jawabin da ya yi magana game da pantheism matsayin "mafi muhimmanci kuskure na mu rana."

A yau duniya na pantheism - a falsafa da kuma addini ne wani muhimmin kashi na dama theories, kamar neo-arna Gaia jarrabawa. Ya ci gaba har yanzu a wasu siffofin Theosophy, forming wani irin madadin zuwa gargajiya addinan tauhidi. A karshe shekarun da suka gabata karni na ashirin da pantheism - arfi, kuma a wasu akida dandamali ga Masu. Yana Pantheists farko lobbied al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da karuwa a muhalli sani, shafe muhalli jama'a da hankali da kuma kafofin watsa labarai al'amurran da suka shafi. Idan pantheism ana riskarsa da farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na arna duniya view, a cikin kwanaki, da magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi suna yunƙurin haifar da wani zaman kanta nau'i na addini dangane da bauta wa Allahntakar emanating daga namun daji,. Irin wannan definition of pantheism a tune da ainihin matsalolin da dangantaka da m bacewar yawa shuka da dabbobi jinsin, ko da gur ~ acewar yanayin.

Kungiya kokarin magoya bayan pantheism kai ga halittar a shekarar 1975 "a duniya a pantheist jama'a," kuma a cikin 1999 - "World pantheistic motsi" tare da daskararrun tushe na bayanai a yanar-gizo da kuma wakilci, a duk social networks.

Official Vatican ci gaba methodological hari a kan tushe na pantheism, ko da yake karshen wuya madadin zuwa Katolika Kristanci.

Pantheism - ra'ayi a zukatan mafi zamani, yana ambaton mai da hankali da kuma m hali zuwa biosphere na Duniya, da kuma ba da wani addini a cikin cikakken ma'anarta.