Na dab - na musamman da falsafa makaranta na tsufa

A hanya na falsafa da tunani a duk yanayi dazamani ɓullo da a kan irin wannan manufa: maye gurbin kowane duniya model zo koyarwar cewa tashi sharply da duk metaphysics da kuma koma zuwa gazawar sani da kuma tsarawa. Descartes da Leibniz zo Immanuel Kant, ga jari-hujja na karni na sha tara, kuma Hegel - positivists. A zamanin tsohuwar Girka, shimfiɗar jariri, da duk sciences, da kuma falsafa musamman, irin wannan halin da ake ciki ya zama m. Daya makaranta zarga da refute sauran, sa'an nan kuma mataimakin versa. Duk da haka, akwai mutanen da suka miƙa wani asali bayani daga dukkan rigingimu, idan dukan mazhabobi a cikin theories musanta juna, to, watakila duk su "facts" da "muhawara" ne kawai ", ra'ayin"? Bayan duk, a ainihin gaskiya, babu wanda ya ta a ganin ko da Jehobah, ko Allah, Mai halitta, ko guntun ko iyaka kasancewarsa. Na dab - shi ne daidai da wannan "kwaya" a kan m falsafa yaƙe-yaƙe.

Su wane ne sophists?

The best-sani wakilan wannan makaranta sun Protagoras, Antiphon, Hippias, Gorgiyus, Prodicus, Likofron. Na dab - wani tsarin da cewa mayar da hankali a kan koyarwar addini, da hikima, oratory da kayan yau da kullum na management. Daga zamani Figures ne sosai a kusa da shi akwai Deyl Karnegi. Tsoho na dab ne na farko tsarin, wanda aka wakilta da ake kira "ilmi-sayarwa" wanda ya kawo wani m irin dangantakar dake tsakanin dalibai da kuma ilmantarwa - juna sadarwa da kuma daidaita magani.

Abin da suka yi da wakilan wannan makaranta tunani?

A Sophists sanar da shawo mutane su yi tunanin gare su, kuma an hade tare da fitowan na dimokuradiyya a da yawa Greek birane. Suka sanar da muhimman hakkokin manufa daidaita tsakanin mutane, sun gabatar da ka'idar da Concepts, abin da kyakkyawan aza harsashin ginin domin gina zamani dangantakar a fagen dokar da jama'a gwamnati. Na dab - shi ne kafuwar ga tunani, kimiyya philology, dabaru, theories asalin addinai.

Menene Kalmar "sophist"?

Na dab - a makaranta tunani cewa ya watsu zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Wannan koyaswar da aka kafa da masana kimiyya daga Greek polis na Athens game da biyu da rabi na biyar karni BC. Kalmar "sophist" da aka fassara daga Girkanci matsayin "Sage." Don haka ya kira masu sana'a malamai, suna karantar da mutãne ma'adanin na oratory. Abin baƙin ciki, da rubuce-rubucen da jin dadi kusan gaba daya rasa, to wannan rana kusan kome zo. Duk da haka, ta hanyar yin amfani da kaikaitaccen data sun tabbatar da cewa wannan caste na falsafa da bai kokarin haifar da wani hadade tsarin ilimi da kuma ilimi. Su ba hašawa da wani muhimmanci ga systematize horo. Dalilin da Sophists ya kasance daya - ya koyar da dalibai don jayayya da bude tattaunawa. Saboda haka dauke da cewa classic sophistication a falsafar - rukunan nufin rhetoric.

"Babban" sophists

Bisa ga tarihi jerin, za mu iya magana game da wanzuwar biyu trends - da "m" da kuma "junior" Falsafa na sophism. "Babban" (Gorgiyus, Protagoras, Antiphon) Sophists sun bincike fuskar xa'a, siyasa, dokar da ke jihar. Relativism na Protagoras, wanda da'awar cewa "mutum - ma'aunin abubuwa" kawo wannan makaranta musu da gaskiya a cikin haƙiƙa form. A cewar Concepts "m" na Sophists, al'amarin - shi ne m, kuma m, kuma tun yana da irin wannan, da cewa hasashe ne sāke da kuma canje-canje kullum. Yana bi da cewa gaskiya ne jigon abubuwa boye al'amari kanta da ma'ana gabatar da cewa ba zai yiwu, saboda haka, don magana game da shi zai iya zama wani abu kuke so. Tsoho na dab "m" ne gaba ɗaya na ra'ayin wani kuma posits Dangantakar ilimi da gwaninta. All mawallafa na wannan Trend za a iya gano da ra'ayin cewa zama da kanta ba ya zama, saboda ilmi game da shi ba za a iya ma'ana rabawa tare da wasu.

"Matasa" sophists

The "junior" membobin wannan makaranta na tunani, da suka hada da Crete, Alkidama, Likofron, Polemon, Hippodamus da Frazimaha, na dab - wani "Canje-Canjen" Concepts da kuma sharuddan, da yin amfani da ƙarya dabaru da zai tabbatar da duka biyu ƙarya da gaskiya. A Girkanci, da kalmar "dab" na nufin "wayo", wanda aka nuna a cikin ayyukan da mabiya wannan rukunan matsayin yin amfani da fi'ili dabaru da suke m. Tartsatsi ƙarya dõmin dangane da take hakkin dabaru.

A methodological manufa na dab

Mene ne dab cikin sharuddan da aikace-aikace? A m Hanyar ne "quadrupling" cewa keta ka'ida na syllogism cewa dole ne su kasance ba fiye da uku sharuddan. Saboda haka shi halitta ƙarya shaida, wanda yana amfani da wadanda ba ainihi na fili kama Concepts. Ga misali: "Barawo ba ya so ya saya wani abu ba dole ba. Da saye da wani abu mai kyau - yana da kyau kasuwanci. Sanadiyar haka ne, da barawo gaggawar aikata aiki na ƙwarai. " Kuma rare Hanyar - shi ne a gama lokaci talakawan idan syllogistic hasashe sharuddan lalace rarraba da kundinta. Ga misali: jami'an diplomasiyan - mutane, wasu mutane wasa da goge, duk da jami'an diplomasiya wasa da goge.