Munich Yarjejeniyar

musamman, Munich Yarjejeniyar Yana za a iya kira daya daga cikin mafi tsanani kasashen waje da manufofin kuskure na 1930s. Yana da wani diplomasiyya yarjejeniya, wanda ya tashi a matsayin sassaucin ra'ayi, samarwa da kasashen Turai da na Nazi Jamus, don kokarin ci gaba da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka, amma kai ga barkewar yakin duniya na biyu.

Bayan rushewar da kuma bangare na Austro-Hungarian Empire, daga 1918 zuwa 1938 fiye da miliyan uku kabilanci Jamusawa kasance a kan ƙasa da sabon Jihar Czechoslovakia, iyaka haddi a cikin tarihi yankin na Bohemia Kingdom. Su sun mayar da hankali a Sudetenland. A cewar Natalia Lebedeva, wani tarihi na Rasha Academy of Sciences, da kuma ashirin bisa dari na Czechoslovakia ne Jamus.

Sudeten Jamus shugaban Konrad Henlein kafa Sudeten Jamus jam'iyyar, wanda aiki a matsayin wani reshe na Nazi jam'iyyar da kuma aiki kawai a cikin bukatun da Jamus. By 1935, shi ne na biyu mafi girma jam'iyyar siyasa a Czechoslovakia. Jim kadan bayan da Anschluss (daidaituwa da Jamus) da Austria, Maris 28, 1938 Henlein gana da Hitler a Berlin, inda ya aka umurci tada bukatun da Czechoslovak gwamnatin, da aka sani da Carlsbad shirin. Daga cikin bukatun - daidaita hakkokin da Czechs da kuma cin gashin ga Jamusawa da suke zaune a Czechoslovakia. Idan Czechoslovak gwamnatin da aka shirya yi tsanani asasshe a game da Jamusanci 'yan tsiraru, da tambaya da mulkin kai ya unacceptable.

Da tsare-tsaren da Hitler bayan da annexation na Austria mataki na gaba da aka mamaye na Czechoslovakia da kuma kafa wani Greater Jamus. A May 1938 da ya zama sananne cewa sana'arku na Czechoslovakia a gaskiya ne batun for Jamus. Iya 20 Hitler ya generals wucin gadi aikin da aka gabatar da hari a kan Czechoslovakia, codenamed Operation "Grün". A wani asiri da umarnin sanya hannu da Hitler, 'yan kwanaki daga baya, aka ce cewa, za a fara yaki da Czechoslovakia ba daga baya fiye da 1 ga watan Oktoba.

A Czechoslovak gwamnatin yi fatan cewa Faransa, da wanda ya shiga cikin wani alliance, zai zo da ceto a cikin taron na Jamus mamayewa. Tarayyar Soviet kuma da wata yarjejeniya tare da Czechoslovakia, na nuna a shirye su hada kai tare da Faransa da kuma Birtaniya. Duk da haka, da m sabis na Tarayyar Soviet da aka yi watsi da a ko'ina cikin rikicin. Adolf Hitler ya fahimci cewa kasar Birtaniya da kuma Faransa bai so yaki, amma suna da kamar wuya su nemi su gama da Tarayyar Soviet, a totalitarian tsarin na wanda wadannan kasashe ƙi ko fiye da Hitler ta farkisanci mulkin kama karya.

Zai yiwu a wancan mataki kansa, Czechoslovakia, wadda take da karfi da sojojin za su iya rike mayar da hari da Hitler sojojin. Tarayyar Soviet, daidai da yarjejeniya na 1935, ya sanya hannu tsakanin kasashen biyu, na iya taimaka wa Czechoslovakia kawai a cikin taron cewa irin wannan mataki amince da Faransa.

A Satumba 18, da Italiyanci Duce Benito Mussolini ya gabatar da jawabi a Trieste, inda ya ce abin da Italiya goyon bayan halin yanzu rikicin a Jamus.

Fira Ministan Birtaniya, Neville Chamberlain, wanda ya kasance mai taimako ga manufar appeasing da tsokana, da aka ƙaddara ga ko, domin ya hana yaki. Ya sanya biyu tafiye-tafiye zuwa Jamus, ba tare da tuntubar da Czechoslovak shugabanni, Hitler ya miƙa sharadi gwargwado, amma Fuehrer kiyaye ƙara da bukatun, nace cewa da'awar da kabilanci Jamusawa a Poland da kuma Hungary kuma za ta zama gamsu.

Satumba 24, da yake magana a Sports Palace a Berlin, Hitler a cikin jawabin da ya Czechoslovakia kafin Satumba 28 zuwa cede da Sudetenland, in ba haka ba Jamus tafi yaki.

Czechoslovakia fara shirin yaqi ta sojojin. Tarayyar Soviet ayyana ta shiri ya zo da taimakon na Czechoslovakia. Duk da haka, shugaban kasar Benes na Czechoslovakia Edvar ki fita zuwa yaki ba tare da goyon bayan manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya.

Neville Chamberlain da kuma firaministan Faransa Eduard Delade tafiya zuwa Munich don amsa ga Hitler ta bukatar.

Benito Mussolini miƙa Hitler a hanyar warware matsalar: ya rike wani taro tare da shugabannin kasashen hudu (Birtaniya, Faransa, Italiya, Jamus), ban da Czechoslovakia da kuma Tarayyar Soviet, da kara yawan yiwuwar cimma yarjejeniya da kuma rushe da hadin cewa zai kasance ba a cikin ni'imar Jamus.

The hukunci taron, da aka sani da Munich taron, ya faru a kan Satumba 29-30 a cikin ginin "Führerbau" (House na Fuhrer). Bada shawarwari da aka ƙa'ida gabatar da Mussolini, ko da yake, kamar yadda aka gano a 'yan shekaru baya, da Italiyanci shirin da aka shirya da ma'aikatar harkokin waje na Jamus. A Jamus sojojin ta mamaye Sudetenland da 10 ga watan Oktoba, kuma kasa da kasa Hukumar - don yanke shawara nan gaba na sauran rigima yankunan. A fargaba su hana barkewar yaki da kuma neman don kauce wa wani ƙawance da Tarayyar Soviet, Neville Chamberlain da kuma Edouard Daladier amince da cewa Sudetenland kamata tafi a Jamus. A dawowar, Hitler ya yi alkawarin cewa zai ba ya bukatar wani yankunan a Turai.

Daga qarshe, da shawarar da aka wa dai a Jamus, Birtaniya, Faransa da kuma Italiya hannu da Munich Yarjejeniyar, a karkashin abin da aka hana ta fashewa yaki, amma shige a kan Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia Jamus. A Czechoslovak an tilasta wa gwamnatin yarda da shi. Nevill Chemberlen Eduardu Beneshu ce cewa Birtaniya ba za ku shiga yaki a kan matsalar da Sudetenland.

Daladier da Chamberlain ya koma gida, inda suka hadu da wani taro na yaba mutane, kuranye cewa da barazana da yaki ya wuce. Chamberlain ya juya zuwa ga kalmomi na Birtaniya jama'a, cewa ya "ya kawo zaman lafiya a zamaninmu." Amma da maganarsa da aka nan da nan ya kalubalanci wani masanin siyasa Winston Churchill, wanda ya bayyana cewa Neville sanya wani zabi tsakanin yaki da kuma daraja, "Ka zaba ƙi, kuma da yaki zai zo." Gwamnatin Birtaniya rasa da goyon bayan da Czech gwamnati da Czech Army, daya daga cikin mafi kyau a nahiyar Turai, ya nuna cewa, Winston Churchill da sauran manyan siyasa, Entoni Iden. Wasu masu tarihi sun yarda da cewa Munich yarjejeniya, ya gane a matsayin babban shaida ne don kauce wa soja rikici, kusan wanzuwa Turai zuwa yankunan da yaki.

Daladier m mayaudari yarjejeniya, amma Chamberlain ya burge. Kafin barin Munich, ya ko sa hannu tare da Hitler daftarin aiki ya tabbatar da cewa Birtaniya da kuma Jamus za su nemi a warware bambance-bambance don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a nan gaba.

A rana bayan sanya hannu na yarjejeniya soothing Jamus annexed da Sudetenland. Policy kamar yadda Chamberlain ya ragu a cikin shekara ta gaba.

Daga baya a cikin bangare na Czechoslovakia ya samu halartar Poland da Hungary da nasu yankin siffantawa. Qarasa cikin Munich Yarjejeniyar, a watan Maris 1939, Jamus sun shagaltar da zama wani ɓangare na Czechoslovakia. A kasar suka daina wanzuwa. Satumba 1, 1939 Jamus suka mamaye Poland. Yakin duniya na II ya fara. Kawai sai Neville Chamberlain ya gane cewa Hitler ba za a iya amincewa da su.

Munich Yarjejeniyar ya zama fadan da cewa aikin banza ne appeasement na expansionist siyasa na totalitarian jihohi, ko da yake shi ne a wasu hanya taimaka wajen saya lokacin masõya don su kara fama shiri.