Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich: biography, iyali, kerawa

Yau sunan Mstislav Rostropovich - sunan daya daga cikin mafi girma da ilimi masu kida na XX karni. Ya ba kawai ya na musamman da basira domin yin, amma ya kasance mai yawan manufa, sun yi tsayayya da manufofin da totalitarian tsarin da Tarayyar Soviet. A lokacin da Rostropovich aka fitar daga kasar. A wajen yamma, ya yi wani aiki na duniya-aji, bayan da ya koma kasarsa, inda kwaminisanci ya auku.

yara

Future shugaba da kuma cellist Mstislav Rostropovich aka haife a kan Maris 27 , 1927 a Baku. Mahaifansa biyu, kuma kakaninki sun kida, don haka nan gaba na yaro a tsare ko kafin a haife shi. A 1932-1937 gg. Rostropovich karatu a Gnessin School a Moscow. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyau m makarantun kasar.

Tare da farko na yaki a babban birnin kasar, ya fara wani taro fitarwa na fararen hula. Na samu a cikin shi, da kuma 14-shekara Rostropovich. Biography shugaba aka alaka da birnin Chkalov (Orenburg). The fitarwa mutu Mstislav ta mahaifinsa, da kuma matashi ya zama zahiri shine shugaban iyali. A shekaru na goma sha biyar ya fara koya a gida music makaranta da haka ciyar da iyali.

To, akwai mutane da farko m ayyuka, wanda aka rubuta Rostropovich. Biography matasa mawaki aka alama ta halittar waka don cello, piano Concerto da Piano Preludes. A lokacin yakin, da mawaki ya zama wani rangadi artist. Ya yi tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa da Maly gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da yin ayyuka da Tchaikovsky. Rostropovich ma ya kide a cikin soja raka'a, asibitoci, gundumar cibiyoyin da kuma gonaki.

samuwar

A shekaru 16, da hazaka singer zo a cikin babban birnin kasar daga Moscow Conservatory, inda ya fara koyon ma'adanin na wasa da cello da composing basira. Malaminsa juya maniyyi Kozolup. Ya nan da nan ga m cewa boyewa a Rostropovich. Biography mawaki iya tafi daban idan ba ya da bayyana a cikin m, kuma m Kozolupov hannuwanku.

A kide Rostropovich gana da Shostakovich da kuma nuna masa ci daga kansa piano Concerto kuma yi shi domin tsabta. Dmitry ya yaba da kokarin da matasa dalibi kuma gayyace shi ya shiga da akayi don inganta compositional basira.

Daga baya, duk da haka, Rostropovich kuma ba a rubuta nasa music. Dalilin shi sauki. Lokacin da ya fara ji da Takwas Symphony na Shostakovich wanda haifar da wata babbar alama a kan shi, cellist yanke shawarar a cire toshe a kan ta gaba mawaki, da sanin cewa ba zai isa master matakin. Zai yiwu wannan ya mai saurayi ƙaruwa, amma ta yanke shawara Rostropovich samu. Lokaci ya tabbatar da cewa ya sanya da hakkin zabi, domin dukan duniya tuna da shi a matsayin wani na musamman da kuma Sankiran artist.

farfesa

A shekarar 1945, ya wuce na gaba All-Union gasar ga matasa masu kida. Na sãka shi samu Mstislav Rostropovich. Biography cellist alama lambar yabo ta farko, ko da yake a lokacin rayuwarsa ya kasance har yanzu da yawa daga cikinsu. Wannan nasara da ya yarda da biyu-shekara dalibai tafi kai tsaye zuwa na biyar. A 1950, matasa singer lashe hamayya mai suna Hanuš Wigan, da aka gudanar a Prague.

A wannan lokacin ya riga ya kammala karatunsa daga Conservatory da kuma digiri na biyu makaranta. Rostropovich ya sauri zama mai daukan hankali da kuma m malami. 26 shekaru da ya yi aiki a Moscow Conservatory da shekaru 7 - a Birnin Leningrad. Domin uku shekarun da suka gabata, Mstislav Rostropovich koyi abubuwa da yawa na duniya-aji kwararru. Daga cikinsu akwai Natalya Shahovskaya, Natalia Gutman, Iosif Feygelson Sergei Roldugin, David Geringas, Maris Villeruša Ivan Monighetti da sauransu .. Da yawa daga cikin dalibai daga baya kansu suka zama furofesoshi a mafi babbar music kwalejojin a duniya.

kerawa Rostropovich

Abin da ake tuna yadda wani mai yi Mstislav Rostropovich? A makadi ya buga tare da wata babbar sharhin na ayyuka. Aikinsa za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu. Da farko, shi ne cellist Rostropovich (ensemblist da soloist), kuma abu na biyu - da symphonic da operatic shugaba. Da basira da aka gane fāɗin duniya - game da 60 daga cikin mafi kyau composers na duniya sun rubuta ayyukan musamman domin Mstislava Leopoldovicha. Ya farko ya yi fiye da dari ayyukansu cello kuma ya ba wani 70 firaministan ƙungiyar makaɗa. A matsayin shugaba Rostropovich sanya ya halarta a karon a 1957, a lokacin da a karkashin ya shiriya a Bolshoi wasan kwaikwayo da aka sayar fita "Eugene Onegin" by Tchaikovsky. Shi ne mai laifin nasara.

A Soviet lokacin da ya aiki, cellist Rostropovich ya yi rangadin cikin tarayyar Soviet. Ya kuma yi kamar yadda wani masallãci mawaki a cikin gungu da Davidom Oystrahom da Svyatoslavom Rihterom. Wife, artist zama wasar kwaikwayo ta waka singer Galina Vishnevskaya. Rostropovich sau da yawa ya yi magana da ita a kan wannan mataki, rakiyar matarsa. A shekarar 1951, da shugaba samu da Stalin Prize a 1965 - Lenin, kuma a shekarar 1966 ya zama da jama'ar kasar Artist na Tarayyar Soviet.

kariya Solzhenitsyn

Mstislav Rostropovich, wanda sirri rai da aka hade da wani iri-iri na abokai, ya ba tsoro ke tsare su, a gaban wani totalitarian jihar, har ma idan ya yi hadarin matsayinsa. A shekarar 1969, mawaki tattarã a kan dacha kõre marubuci Alexander Solzhenitsyn. By lokacin ya zauna a baya da Khrushchev narke da Brezhnev gwamnati fara guba marubucin "Wata rana a cikin Ivana Denisovicha" da kuma sauran m ayyuka na zangon.

Mawaki, ba kawai ya rufe a Solzhenitsyn, amma kuma ya rubuta a cikin tsaron gida a bude wasika, wanda aka aiko zuwa ga babban Soviet jaridar "Pravda". Bayan haka, cellist Rostropovich aka fuskanci kalubale da dama. Hukumomi ba zai yale shi ya yi tare da manyan orchestras da aka ba a yarda su yi rangadin kasashen waje. A latsa fara watsi da cellist. A gaskiya ma, ya zama wani jẽfaffe ga Soviet jihar da kuma wani implacable maƙiyi.

Rayuwa a Amurka

A 1974, Mstislav Rostropovich da matarsa Galina Vishnevskaya, aka fitar daga Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1978, an hana Soviet dan kasa. Dukan tarihin na babban mawaki opals fara da buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa zuwa "gaskiya". Ko bayan faduwar kwaminisanci da koma mulkin demokra Rostropovich Rasha a wata hira, sai ya ce ya yi imanin cewa karimcin a cikin tsaro na Solzhenitsyn ta da mafi kyau abu ya yi a rayuwata, don haka ba daidai da yadda ya sulhunta da shugaba da nasa lamiri.

Bayan barin Tarayyar Soviet, da mawaki da iyalinsa rayu mafi yawa a Amurka. Ya kuwa shi ne mahaifin 'ya'yansa biyu mata. Olga da Elena Rostropovich aka haife shi a 50s da yara bar mahaifarsa. A 1977-1994 gg. shugaba jagoranci Washington National Symphony Orchestra. Kowane shekaru hudu da tawagar ta buga a rantsar da shugaban kasar Amurka. Rostropovich kuma yi a kai a kai a wata gala concert sadaukar da Independence Day a kan Yuli 4. Bugu da kari, ya yi rangadin a duk faɗin duniya. A gayyatar da ya yi tare da manyan orchestras a Faransa, Birtaniya, Jamus, Austria, Japan da sauransu. D.

duniya star

Its 60th ranar tunawa Rostropovich hadu a Washington. A shekarar 1987, a kan lokaci na wannan ranar a cikin US babban birnin kasar ya shirya da farko World Congress of cellists. Sa'an nan Ronald Reagan ya ba da shugaba mafi girma a jihar lambar yabo - da mindar na Freedom. Rostropovich ziyarci ko da Sarauniya Elizabeth II.

A mawaki ya by yanayi wani mutum extroverted da hedonistic. A lokacin da shekaru na dizzying daraja a kasashen waje ya samu mai girma adadin high-ranking abokai da kuma acquaintances. A kan ranar haihuwar taro duka duniya m Elite. Rostropovich sun abokai na Picasso, Chagall, Dali, Galich da Brodsky. A shekarar 1994, lokacin da shugaba ya sanar da karewa na hadin gwiwa tare da Washington National Symphony Orchestra, ya gudanar da wani babban gala concert. Haruffa da godiya aika Rostropovich duk da shugabannin Amurka, da wanda ya hadu a kan "ofishin": Carter, Reagan, Bush da Clinton.

Makadi da Citizen

A cikin West, Rostropovich ya zama shahararren ba kawai a matsayin ƙulla niyyar mawaki, amma kuma kamar yadda wani jirgin saman soja domin yancin yan Adam. Ya sau da yawa ya kide a musamman firgita yankuna na duniya. Alal misali, a 1989, da Maestro taka Bach cello babban dakuna a Berlin Wall. A 1974, ya lashe kyautar, bayar da shi ta hanyar da League of Human Rights.

A halin yanzu, halin da ake ciki a duniya ya canza. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet zo iko wani sabon jagora a kan hanyar sake fasalin. A shekarar 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev soke da yanke shawara kan wanda Rostropovich da Vishnevskaya hana dan kasa lambobin yabo da karrama. Duk da haka, da mawaki so zauna "dan kasa na duniya." Bai dauki mayar da Soviet dan kasa da kuma daga baya Rasha. A shekarar 1991, lokacin da na karshe haki na Soviet tsarin reactionaries halshen wani juyin mulki putsch, musamman daga Paris Rostropovich tashi zuwa Moscow da kuma shiga cikin taron, kare White House.

ci gaba aiki

A cikin nineties da sifili, da singer ci gaba da rangadin. Rostropovich cello busa a cikin manyan birane a duniya. A matsayin shugaba, ya yi tare da "Queen of spades" a San Francisco, da "Tsar ta Bride" - a Monte Carlo, tare da "Lady Macbeth" - a Munich. A mawaki ya sake fara ba kide a Rasha. A shekarar 1996 ya yi a Bolshoi wasan kwaikwayo tare da "Khovanshchina".

Rostropovich sau da yawa rubuta don rediyo kide. A shekarar 2003, ya samu lambar yabo ya latest "Grammy". Wannan lokaci, ta kasance mai daraja -. Ga "rayuwa a cikin records" da "m aiki" Total Mstislav zama da lashe "Grammy" lambar yabo sau biyar. A ko'ina ya aiki, sukar lura virtuosity, da tausaya, wahayinMu, kuma mai ban mamaki kyau na wasan Maestro.

Asusun da Rostropovich Festival

Kamar yadda wani malamin shugaba a 2004 ya bude wata makaranta a Valencia, inda sanar da hakan m basira. Kungiya basira cellist bayyananna a cikin rashin aiki da kuma samar da sabon bukukuwa. Irin abubuwan da damar bude sabon sunayen matasa talented artists zuwa duniya. Yau, da memory na babban mawaki Rostropovich Festival faruwa a kowace shekara.

Shugaba ya zama shugaban kasa da kansa asusu. Its kudi tafi taimaka hazaka dalibai. Godiya ga shi, a Rasha akwai sabon sukolashif da tallafin ga masu kida yara. Yau marigayi mahaifin Music Asusun yana gangarawa zuwa Olga Mstislavovna Rostropovich.

taimako magani

Kamar yadda wani shuni, Rostropovich ya zama shahararren ma domin ta ayyukan na taimako ga kiwon lafiya cibiyoyin da Rasha. Wannan aiki da hannu da kuma tsunduma a "sadaka Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation." Yau ne ke mulkar ta, 'yar artist Elena Rostropovich.

A shekarar 2000, kungiyar ta fara aiwatar da wani shirin yi wa kajin yara da hepatitis B. A wannan lokacin, shi ne na farko da irin wannan himma tun Soviet auka.

mutuwa

A 2006, kafofin watsa labarai ya bayyana bayanai game da tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya Mstislava Leopoldovicha. A makadi da tiyata, da aka gudanar a Geneva, Switzerland. A watan Disamba, shugaba aka asibiti, bayan ya dawo Moscow daga Voronezh.

A asibiti, ya shafe shekaru uku da watanni. Jim kadan bayan barin a watan Maris, da Maestro ce 80-shekara da ranar tunawa. Ya wajaba ya taya fi shahara music shagon abokan aiki, 'yan siyasa, jama'a Figures, kuma tsohon abokai. A bukatarsa bikin da aka gudanar a birnin Moscow Kremlin. Ba da da ewa Rostropovich yanayin worsened sake. Afrilu 27, 2007, ya rasu. Bayan mutuwar Legends a Moscow Rostropovich Music Festival faruwa a kowace shekara.

fitarwa

Rostropovich ya memba na Faransa Academy of Arts, da Academy of Sciences, kuma Arts, Royal Academy of Music a Ingila, da dai sauransu A fiye da 50 jami'o'i mawaki ya zama farfesa, kuma a cikin da dama daga garuruwa, a duniya - .. An digirorin girmamawa jama'a. France bayar da shi da Tuli rinjãye, da kuma Japan Association of Art bikin m shugaba na mallaka Prize. Birtaniya hukumomi sun sanya wani girmamawa jarumi Rostropovich.

A Amurka, da mawaki samu shugaban kasa mindar, a Sweden - da Order "iyakacin duniya Star". Duk a cikin kyanwa jihar awards kasance daga 29 ƙasashe. A kan Hauwa'u na da 80th ranar tunawa da Rostropovich samu da Rasha lambar yabo "Ga Services ga Fatherland» I digiri.