Misalai na halitta al'ummomi: tẽku, teku, lake, fadama, filin

Duk da cewa siffofin da waje duniya, - halitta al'ummomi hali na wadanda ko wasu yanayi - shi ne cikakke tsarin. The abubuwa na wannan tsarin kai tsaye ko a kaikaice hulɗa tare da juna. Mene ne halitta yankunan da al'umma? Ta yaya suka sha bambam da juna? Yadda za a yi mu'amala da na halitta al'umma kwayoyin? Game da wannan - daga baya a cikin labarin.

biogeocoenosis

Wannan definition aka gabatar a karon farko Vladimir Sukachev - Rasha kimiyya adadi, geobotanist. A ra'ayi biogeocoenosis (BIOS - "rayuwa", "duniya" - n, koynos - "kowa") da aka dauke su a tsarin na wani ya fi Biostructures "kwayoyin" matakin. Wannan shi ne saboda da farko ya nuna gaskiyar cewa da dauki yana da za'ayi ba a ciki tsakanin jikinsu. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare biogeocoenose dangantaka yafaru tsakanin daban-daban na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Tare, suka yi wani takamaiman aiki, samar da wani na game zama biogeocoenose.

yanayin kasa

Daban-daban na shuke-shuke yada a kan duniya ta surface ba uniform, kuma daidai da na gida yanayi. A sakamakon haka, sai suka samar da wata halitta "ra'ayoyi". The hulda da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a karkashin abiotic zone tsiraru da tabbatar da hadin kai na al'umma bangaren. Wannan mutunci kuma ake kira yanayin kasa (muhalli tsarin). Wannan ra'ayi, tare da definition of "biogeocoenosis" hidima a matsayin bayanin halitta al'umma. Amma yayin da wadannan fassarorin ne halaye daban-daban na tsarin. Saboda haka, manufar "yanayin kasa" ana amfani a lokuta inda yayi bayani da dangantakar abubuwa a cikin halitta al'umma. "Biogeocoenosis" mafi yawa ana amfani da su bayyana takamaiman, halitta tsarin, wanda bautar wani ba karkararta, da ta hulda da sauran "kungiyoyin". Misalai na halitta al'ummomi ne: da filin, nahiyar, da kogi da sauransu.

Dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke

Idan akai la'akari da misalai na halitta al'ummomi, shi wajibi ne don la'akari da tasiri da cewa dabbobi a cikin wadannan sifofi. An sau da yawa zaci cewa dabbobin daji ne free to zabi da wurin zama, ya zauna inda kuma yadda suka so. Amma a gaskiya shi ne ba. Idan muka yi la'akari da misalai na halitta al'ummomi, da abun da ke ciki na kungiyoyin na dabbobi a wasu yanayi, ana iya gani ba bazuwar, amma quite wasu sa na jinsin peculiar zuwa daya ko wani tsarin. A sakamakon haka, quite a fili a bayyane kankare dangantaka na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Bi da bi, da Flora da fauna hulɗa tare da kwayoyin, wanda su ma a cikin iyakoki na da wata halitta mazauninsu. Halitta Community tekuna da kuma tekuna bambanta a jinsunan bambancin, da yanayin da akwai da mahalarta daga al'amarin. Amma, duk da wannan, da janar ka'idodinta hulda ana kiyaye shi, ko da daga cikin yanayi.

janar bayanai

Wani halitta al'umma ne mai hadaddun na daban-daban kwayoyin. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na wannan yanayi, gaban dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, micro-kwayoyin. Su duka suna da wani tasiri a kan juna, kuma suna saba da takamaiman yanayi na zama a wannan yanki. Ciki da "yanayin kasa" da aka kafa da kuma kiyaye ta wurare dabam dabam na daban-daban abubuwa. Sikelin da muhalli tsarin iya zama daban-daban. By da kusa hada da na halitta da al'ummomi daga cikin tekuna da kuma tekuna. A lokaci guda karami kunsa suna kunshe a cikin ya fi girma. Saboda haka, na halitta fadama al'umma iya shiga cikin wani yanayin kasa na taiga. Bugu da kari ya halitta tsarin, akwai wucin gadi. Aka halitta su ta wurin wani mutum. Wasu misalai na halitta al'ummomi ne tafkunan, aquariums, zoos, da sauran.

Abinci interactions cikin al'amarin

Ko da kuwa abin da aka dauke da wata halitta al'umma (fadama, da ɓangaren duniya, kandami, da dai sauransu), a ciki yana da wani fanni na hulda. A farko da dangantaka ne da abinci hulda. Amma, da farko mahada, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da samuwar makamashi ajiye, wanda ya hada da wani na da wata halitta al'umma (a cikin teku, da taiga da sauransu), su ne tsire-tsire. Suna kawai yin amfani da makamashi daga hasken rana, suna iya ma'adinai abubuwa, carbon dioxide ba a cikin ruwa, ko a cikin ƙasa ta samar da kwayoyin fili. Tsire-tsire suna abinci ga herbivorous vertabrate da kwaro. Su, bi da bi, ya kuma ciyar a kan yara - carnivorous tsuntsaye. Saboda haka akwai abin da ake ci links. wadata sarkar kama a general, kamar haka: shuka-dabbobi (herbivores) -hischniki. A wasu lokuta, irin wannan rangadi iya wuya ta Bugu da kari na tsakiya ba. Alal misali, na farko da yara za su iya zama abinci ga karshen, waɗanda, bi da bi, don uku da sauransu. Saboda haka, da na halitta al'umma iya hada caterpillars cewa ci da shuke-shuke. Wadannan mutane, bi da bi, su ne abinci ga wani predatory kwari da cewa ciyar a kan kwaro-cin tsuntsaye da suke da ganima ga tsuntsaye masu cin nama dabbobi. Idan akai la'akari da daban-daban misalai na halitta al'ummomi, za mu iya ganin cewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani yanayin kasa a can zama abinci ga abin da yake sharar gida: matattu shuke-shuke ko su sassa (ganye, twigs), gawawwakin matattu dabbobi ko su makewayi. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, sun hada da earthworm, beetles da sauran gravediggers. Duk da haka, babban rawa a cikin bazuwar kwayoyin halitta ne da kwayoyin cuta da kuma fungi. Shi ne da godiya ga su da cewa akwai wani canji na kwayoyin halitta a ma'adinai mahadi, wanda zai iya sa'an nan kuma sake amfani da shuke-shuke. Saboda haka da sake zagayowar ne da za'ayi abubuwa.

microclimate

Ganin wani halitta al'umma (Ocean nahiyar), za mu iya gani, a Bugu da kari ga abinci, da kuma sauran sadarwa. Saboda haka, da tsire-tsire samar da wata takamaiman sauyin yanayi, microclimate. Daban-daban dalilai matattu tambaya yanayi - zafi, zafin jiki, da iska motsi, lighting da sauransu - a karkashin ciyayi murfin zai yi gagarumin bambanci daga janar zuwa wannan yanki. Saboda haka, da na halitta al'ummomi na Rainforest lokacin da rana yana da high zafi. A lokacin da rana akwai fiye da sanyi da kuma Inuwa, a dare lokaci guda, a akasin haka, shi ne yawa warmer fiye da a bude. Ko a cikin makiyaya, misali, da zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki na duniya surface zai zama daban-daban daga wadanda lura a danda surface. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, da shuka cover hana yashewa - gona yashewa da sputtering. Microclimate da tasirinsa a rayuwa da kuma nau'in abun da ke ciki na dabbobi da zauna cikin mazauninsu. Mutane zaba domin ta mazauninsu, a cikin abin da ba kawai suna da zama dole abinci, amma a general, da sauyin yanayi, da yawan zafin jiki, zafi da sauran yanayi zai zama mafi kyau duka.

Tasirin dabba aiki a kan yanayin kasa

Da farko, da yawa flowering irin shuke-shuke pollinated da kwari, da kuma a wasu lokuta su musamman iri da kuma idan sun kana bace, da tsire-tsire ba zai iya haifa. Rarraba tsaba wasu jinsunan Flora ne ma ɗauke da dabbobi. Bugu da kari, da ayyukan da wasu jinsunan halittu masu rai suna da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan aminci da wani yanayi a cikin yanayin kasa. Alal misali, earthworm, manyan kamar bĩga salon, taimaka wa loosening kasar gona, sakamakon iska da zurfi da kuma mafi saukin shiga ruwa, kazalika da matakai na bazuwar na daban-daban Organic sharan faruwa sauri.

Canza kunsa da jinsunan canje-canje

Irin wannan matakai na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abiotic, biotic dalilai, kuma a sakamakon adam aiki. Canza halitta al'ummomi na rayuwa saboda rinjayar daban-daban kwayoyin ci gaba da daruruwa da dubban shekaru. Babban rawa a wadannan matakai nasa ne da shuke-shuke. Akwai daban-daban misalai na halitta al'ummomi da za su canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje dalilai. The gudun canji a cikin wannan hali ya dogara da daban-daban hali. Za mu iya la'akari da yanayin kasa "lake". Halitta al'umma - a cikin wannan harka, jiki na ruwa - sannu a hankali ta fara samun koma baya da kuma m. A tsawon lokaci, yana bayyana a kan kasa silt. Its Layer fara ƙara: sharan tara jihar bakin teku da kuma na cikin ruwa dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, kurkura-kashe gangara tare da ƙasa barbashi. A cikin shakka daga kasancewa shallower tafki, tare da bankunan fara girma kyauro, kuma rushes, sedges sa'an nan. Saboda haka da lake - wata halitta al'umma da irin - mutates da kuma zama qualitatively daban-daban yanayin kasa. A jari na Organic sharan daukan sanya sauri da sauri, forming peat adibas. Wasu shuka da dabbobi nau'in maye gurbinsu da wasu da cewa suna more saba da rayuwa a cikin wani sabon yanayi. A sakamakon haka, wani sabon halitta al'umma - fadama. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa canje-canje a cikin al'ummar yanayin kasa ci gaba. A sakamakon haka, na iya bayyana quite undemanding itatuwa da kuma shrubs. Kuma sannu a hankali, a wuri na tafki akwai riga wani gandun daji.

Canza kunsa saboda mutum aiki

The sama misalai na halitta al'ummomi da aka ba su, cewa ya canza halitta dangane da canzawa daga cikin jinsunan. Ya kamata a lura da cewa zargin sabon shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, kwayoyin, fungi, da kuma samuwar sabon yanayi - wani tsari dogon isa, da kuma iya ci gaba da ga dubun, daruruwan, ko ma dubban shekaru. Amma kunsa canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar mutum aiki ne da yawa da sauri. A wasu lokuta, shi yana iya zama isa, ko da shekaru da dama, maimakon daya al'ummar yanayin kasa ya da wani. Saboda haka, idan a cikin wannan lake - wata halitta al'umma tare da wasu jinsunan abun da ke ciki na shuke-shuke da kuma halittu masu rai - an fara juji najasa, da sharar birni, taki daga cikin filayen, da oxygen ba a cikin ruwa, zai fara da za a cinye for hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A sakamakon inhabiting wannan yanayin kasa iri daban-daban suna fara samun kasa oxygen da kuma sauran gina jiki mahadi. Wannan tsokani mutuwar yawa shuke-shuke da kuma rayayyun halittan. A sakamakon haka, rage muhimmanci jinsunan bambancin. Wasu shuke-shuke suna fara maye gurbin wasu, da ruwan ya fara "fure". A wuri na abinci kifi zo "low-darajar" jinsunan bace, da yawa kwari, mollusks, kwayoyin. A sakamakon - da zarar arziki yanayin kasa jũya a cikin wani rubabben jikinsa na ruwa.

Restoration of muhalli tsarin

Idan rinjayar da mutum a wani mataki tsaya a nan (a lokacin da wani yanayin ba quite Gudun), da tsari na kai-waraka fara a cikin wata halitta al'umma. Kuma a cikin shi da babban rawa da aka bai wa shuke-shuke da sake. Alal misali, a cikin makiyaya a karshen dabbõbi an fara bayyana tsayi ciyawa. The lake gudanar da wani halitta aiwatar da tsarkakewa sun yada daga cikin unicellular algae, blue-kore, tare da sakamakon cewa sake fara bayyana crustaceans, molluscs da kuma kifi. A hali idan trophic tsarin da jinsin su ne ma simplistic da kuma kai-waraka tsari ne kawai, ba zai yiwu, mutum yana shiga tsakani a cikin al'ummar yanayin kasa a sake. Amma a cikin wannan harka ta aiki ba da nufin rushe. Alal misali, a cikin makiyaya fara dasa ganye a cikin gandun daji dasa bishiyoyi motsa jiki. Wuraren da tsabta, sa'an nan kuma fara su matasa kifi. Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da dawo da na halitta al'umma ne kawai zai yiwu idan m take hakki. A wannan batun, mutum aiki kada wuce a bakin kofa, bayan da wani kai-gudãnar tafiyar matakai ba zai yiwu ba.

Effect na abiotic dalilai

A ci gaba da canji na halitta al'ummomi faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kaifi canji a yanayin yanayi, da hawa da sauka a cikin hasken rana aiki, volcanic aiki, dutsen-ginin tafiyar matakai. Wadannan da sauran dalilai na matattun yanayi da ake kira abiotic. Su tsokane warwarewarsu da zaman lafiyar na mazauninsu na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Ba dole ne a ce cewa kunsa da ba Unlimited iko warke. Kuma idan waje tasiri zai zama ya fi wani iyaka, da na halitta al'ummomi za su sha, halakarwa. A daya yankin a cikin abin da za a canje-canje, zai yi aiki a matsayin tushen muhalli rashin daidaituwa. Kuma ko da shi ne zai yiwu su mayar da yanayin kasa, to, shi zai iya yin abubuwa da yawa fiye da tsada fiye da a yau ta ayyukan a kiyaye.

Dalilai haifar da ikon kai-kunsa

Kai-sabuntawa na halitta al'ummomi da aka sanya yiwu saboda da na halitta bambancin da halittu masu rai, wanda a sakamakon dogon lokaci co-riqixar saba da juna. A cikin hali na rage yawan kowane irin 'yanci su bautar da wani muhalli alkuki don wani lokaci a irin wannan ra'ayi na shi, da hana ci gaban wadanda ko wasu takobin tada zaune tsaye tafiyar matakai. Duk da haka, wani daban-daban halin da ake ciki na faruwa idan daya mahada gaba daya ta fita daga cikin sarkar. A wannan yanayin, "juna aminci net" jinsunan iya aiki ba, wasu albarkatun daina amfani - akwai wani muhalli da rashin daidaituwa. A lokacin da m? Ãr data kasance takamaiman abun da ke ciki kafa yanayi na wuce kima jari na gudanar da mahadi dubawa dan hanya jinsunan aruwar ƙarfi da sauran kwari. Matsayin mai mulkin, da farko farkon bace rare jinsuna. Su scarcity ne saboda m muhalli yanayi, da kuma ji na ƙwarai to canza. A wani barga halitta al'ummomi irin Categories kasance mahalarci tãre da sauran kungiyoyin na kwayoyin. Kasancewarsu a cikin sarkar ne mai nuni da adana halitta rabe-raben matsayin dukan, da muhalli amfani da dukan tsarin.

Wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa

Wannan tsari na tabbatar da cewa jinsin cewa zauna daban-daban trophic matakan:

1. Samar da kwayoyin daga inorganic kayan - kera. Da farko, shi ne kore shuke-shuke.
2. Cinyewa phytomass consuments 1st domin. Wadannan sun hada da invertebrate da vertebrate herbivores halittu masu rai.
3. Cinyewa consuments 1st domin, consuments 2nd kuma mafi girma umarni. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, predatory kifi, gizo-gizo, kwari, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, kwari-cin dabbobi masu shayarwa, carnivorous tsuntsaye.
4. Saki matattu kwayoyin abubuwa decomposers. Wadannan, yafi hada da ƙasa kwayoyin.

Nazarin na high-sa halitta al'ummomi nuna cewa rare jinsin su ne ba a kowane trophic matakin. A mafi nuna alama na yanayin kasa da kwanciyar hankali ne gaban mai yiwuwa alƙarya na masu amfani da daga cikin mafi girma domin. Wadannan iri suna located a saman da trophic tsarin, da kuma matsayin su fi mayar dogara a kan jihar da dukan tsarin. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci halaye na jinsin ne girman da ƙasa, wanda yake shi ne mafi ƙarancin zama dole ga wanzuwar da kuma ci gaban mai yiwuwa yawan jama'a.