Menene gaskiyar iskar oxygen a mahadi?

Don sanin ƙayyadadden dabi'un da ke tattare da iskar oxygen, yana da muhimmanci a yi nazarin matsayi na kashi a cikin tebur na zamani, manyan fasalulluka na tsarin ta atom. Irin wannan tsari yana da dacewa wajen nazarin tambaya game da abin da iskar oxygen yake da ita, kuma wanda ba a gane shi ba. A cikin mafi yawan magungunan, ma'anar yaudara ce ta II. Wannan fasalin ya sa ya yiwu don ƙayyade yawan nauyin wata ƙwayar ta atomatik a cikin ƙididdigar binary da aka kammala tare da haɓakar oxygen.

Mene ne lamarin oxygen?

A can farko na jari na ilimi da dũkiyarsu da kuma tsarin da abubuwa chemists zaton valence - da ikon su ɗaure wani yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin na abu. Mutane da yawa masanan kimiyya bayan ganowar kashi sunyi ƙoƙari su fahimci abin da ke tattare da iskar oxygen. An samo amsar ta hanyar gwaji: oxygen yana ƙara nau'i biyu na hydrogen guda daya zuwa maganin sinadaran, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da bivalent. Hanyoyin wakiltar sinadarin sinadaran sun canza kamar yadda aka sani game da tsarin kwayoyin tara. A cikin ka'idodin basirarsu, G. Lewis da V. Kossel sun bayyana ainihin hulɗar sinadarai daga ra'ayi na tsarin lantarki. Masu bincike sun bayyana ikon samfurin don samar da wasu takunkumi ta hanyar yin ƙoƙari don tabbatar da wutar lantarki. Idan an samu, ƙarami mafi ƙanƙara daga cikin abu ya zama ƙaura. A cikin ka'idar da kuma tsarin Lewis da yawa da aka mayar da hankali ga nauyin alƙali na waje waɗanda suke shiga cikin ƙirƙirar haɗari.

Hanyoyi na samfurin oxygen a cikin tebur lokaci

Domin a tantance abin da suna da valence na oxygen, shi wajibi ne don la'akari da wasu fasaloli na ta lantarki tsarin. Oxygen take kaiwa ga rukuni na 16 na tauraron lokaci. Ƙananan sunan iyali na abubuwa shine "chalcogenes", bisa ga wani jinsin da suka kasance a cikin kungiyar VI (A). A cikin kwanciyar hankali na oxygen yana cikin tantanin halitta a karkashin No. 8. Mahimmin ya ƙunshe da samfurori 8 masu kyau da kuma wasu nau'ikan matakan tsaka tsaki. A sarari zarra, akwai biyu makamashi matakan da suka faru a lokacin da electrons 8, 6 na wanda - da waje.

Mene ne dangantakar dake tsakanin abun da ke tattare da atomatik da basira?

Matsayin karshe na oxygen atom yana dauke da electrons marasa kyauta. Ra'ayin ya kasance mafi ƙarancin hawan gwanin da ake nufi da haɓakar lantarki (ikon iya jawo hankalin nau'in nau'i-nau'i na lantarki zuwa ga kansa). A samuwar mahadi tare da wasu abubuwa, oxygen yana janyo hankalin kansa da yawan wutar lantarki wanda ya taso a cikin kwayoyin (sai dai masu lantarki). Ana samun daidaituwa na harsashi mai tushe mai yiwuwa tare da ƙarin nauyin kisa guda biyu. Wannan yana nufin cewa oxygen yana bukatar 2 electrons. Zaɓuɓɓukan da za a iya zaɓuɓɓuka su ne: ɗauka ɗaya na lantarki (valence II), zaɓi 2 zaɓaɓɓu daga wata atomatik (valence II), kada ka dauki electrons daga wasu nau'in (valence 0). Hanyar hali na isashshen oxygen shine halin da ake ciki na biyu. Hanya wannan zaka iya amfani da su don gano ko wane isan oxygen shine mafi yawan hankula a cikin mahadi. Wadannan sun hada da mafi yawan oxides na karafa da nonmetals.

Ta yaya valence ke bayyana a mahadi?

Oxygen zai iya yin hulɗa tare da abubuwa masu yawa. An san shi da mahaɗanta da kusan dukkanin wakilan na tebur na zamani (banda gashin iskar gas: argon, helium, neon). A dauki tare da halogens da kuma daraja karafa, oxygen ba zai iya tafiyar da kai tsaye, amma oxides Au ₂ Ya _3, F ₂ Ya, CL ₂ Ya ₇ da sauransu zama (a kaikaice samu). Domin binary mahadi a cikin samuwar oxygen wadda daukan bangare, halin da a covalent bond kuma polarity. Valencia a cikin irin kwayoyin sun dogara da yawan adadin nau'ikan lantarki waɗanda ke fitowa da nau'o'in nau'o'i daban-daban. A yawancin mahadi, halittun oxygen suna shiga cikin haɓaka guda biyu. Alal misali, a cikin oxides na CO _2, P ₂ Ya _5, SO _2, SO _3, K ₂ Ya, B ₂ Ya _3, Mo ₂ Ya _5, da kuma sauran kwayoyin. A hydronium cation H ₃ Ya + oxygen farfado atypical ga shi valency III. A gaban peroxo -OO- sa m yanayi na hydrogen peroxide H ₂ Ya _2. A cikin wannan fili, iskar oxygen ta nuna nauyin bashi na II.

Ta yaya domin sanin valence na abubuwa?

Manufar aikin fasaha na oxygen an ba da tsarin Lewis, alamar sinadarin sinadarin, wanda abin da electrons na matsakaicin matsayi ke nuna maki. Suna da hannu a cikin halittar kwayoyin halitta, suna daga cikin nau'in nau'i na lantarki guda ɗaya. Ma'anar Lewis a fili tana nuna gaskiyar iskar oxygen, daidai da adadin masu ba da kyauta (2). An samar da wannan sakamakon ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin lantarki mai zane. A cikin nau'i biyu na matsanancin ƙarfin iskar oxygen, ana samar da zaɓuɓɓukan lantarki marasa kyauta (wanda kibiyoyi sun nuna a cikin tsari). Bayani game da basirar iskar oxygen ya sa ya yiwu don ƙayyade darajar gabobi masu kusa kusa da takaddamar binary. A saboda wannan dalili, an kirkiro lissafi mai sauƙi. Na farko, yawan ƙwayoyin O ana yin ƙaruwa ta hanyar mai bayyanawa na sabain oxygen. Ya kamata a rarraba sakamakon da index, wanda aka nuna a cikin tsarin da ke kusa da alamar sinadaran sauran kashi a tare da oxygen. Yin amfani da hanya mai sauƙi, zamu lissafta bashi na carbon da phosphorus a cikin oxides.

1. Ninka da index a kasa dama daga cikin alamar Yã dioxide a hankula CO ₂ valency kashi 2 • 2 = 4. A sakamakon yawan su raba index kayyade for carbon: 4/1 = 4. The carbon dioxide CO ₂ ne a cikin mafi girman valence jihar IV .
2. Index kasa dama daga cikin sinadaran oxygen alama a phosphorus oxide P ₂ Ya ₅ ninka da hankula valence zarra Yã 5 • 2 = 10. Wannan adadin raba ta ce dabara a cikin index a kasa dama na phosphorus kwayoyin halitta: 10/2 = 5. The phosphorus oxide Shin a cikin jihar da ya fi valence V.