Menene carbohydrates rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jikin mutum

Chemical kaddarorin da Kwayoyin yin sama da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ya dogara ne da farko a kan yawan carbon atoms constituting up to 50% da bushe nauyi. Carbon kwayoyin halitta ne babban kwayoyin abubuwa: sunadarai, nucleic acid, carbohydrates lipids kuma. A karshen kungiyar hada carbonyl fili da kuma ruwa m ga dabara (CH ₂ Ya) _n, inda n ne daidai ko mafi girma daga uku. Bayan carbon, hydrogen da oxygenation, a cikin kwayoyin iya hada phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jikin mutum, kazalika da halaye na su tsari, dũkiyarsu da kuma ayyuka.

rarrabuwa

Wannan rukuni na mahadi a Biochemistry kasu kashi uku azuzuwan: sauki sugars (monosaccharides), polymeric mahadi da glycosidic hadin - oligosaccharides da biopolymers na high kwayoyin nauyi - polysaccharides. A muka ambata a sama azuzuwan na abu samu a daban-daban cell iri. Alal misali, akwai glucose da kuma sitaci a shuka Tsarin, glycogen - a mutum hepatocytes, kuma cell ganuwar fungi, da chitin - a cikin matsanancin kwarangwal arthropod. Duk na sama abubuwa - ne carbohydrates. Rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki ne na kowa da kowa. Su - babban maroki na makamashi domin m matakai na shuka Kwayoyin, kwayoyin, dabbobi da mutane.

monosaccharides

Da janar dabara C _n H _{2 n} Yã _n kuma ya kasu kashi kungiyoyin dangane da yawan carbon atoms a cikin Kwayar Komayya: trioses, tetroses, pentoses, da sauransu. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na kwayoyin halitta da kuma cytoplasm na sauki sugars da biyu na sarari jeri: mikakke kuma madauwari. A farkon yanayin, da carbon atoms suna da alaka da daya wani via covalent shaidu sigma da kuma siffar rufe madaukai, a karo na biyu idan da carbon kwarangwal ba a rufe, kuma iya yi sashe. Domin sanin abin da yake da rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki, la'akari da ya fi kowa daga cikinsu - da pentose da hexose.

Isomers: glucose da fructose

Suna da guda kwayoyin dabara C ₆ H ₁₂ Yã _6, amma iri daban-daban tsarin kwayoyin. Mun yi a baya da ake kira primary rawar da carbohydrates a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta - makamashi. A bisa abubuwa suna karye ta cell. A sakamakon haka ne a saki makamashi (17.6 KJ na daya gram na glucose). Bugu da ƙari, 36 kwayoyin na ATP da aka hada. glucose bazuwar ta auku ba a cikin membranes (cristae) mitochondria da kuma wakiltar sarkar na enzymatic halayen - da Krebs sake zagayowar. Shi ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na dissimilation sunã gudãna a duk sel heterotrophic eukaryotic kwayoyin.

Glucose ne ma kafa myocytes a dabbobi masu shayarwa saboda tsagawa a tsoka glycogen. A nan gaba, shi da ake amfani da matsayin sauƙi decomposable abu kamar samar sel tare da makamashi - wannan shi ne babban rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki. Tsire-tsire suna phototrophs kuma da kansa samar da glucose a lokacin photosynthesis. Wadannan halayen ake kira Calvin sake zagayowar. A fara abu ne carbon dioxide da kuma Mai karɓar - ribolozodifosfat. Kira na glucose auku a cikin chloroplast matrix. Fructose, da ciwon guda kwayoyin dabara kamar glucose, ƙunshi a cikin kwayoyin da wani aikin kungiyar na ketones. Ta ke zaƙi fiye da glucose, kuma shi ne a cikin zuma, da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na berries da' ya'yan itãce. Saboda haka, da nazarin halittu rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki ya ta'allaka ne da farko a cikin yin amfani da matsayin m tushen samar da makamashi.

Rawar da gadar hali a pentose

Bari mu bincika wani rukuni na monosaccharides - ribose da deoxyribose. Su bambancinsa ta'allaka ne da cewa su ne wani ɓangare na polymers - nucleic acid. Domin duk kwayoyin, ciki har da wadanda ba salula rayuwa siffofin DNA da RNA ne babban dako na hereditary bayanai. Ribose ne kunshe a wani RNA kwayoyin da deoxyribose nucleotides kunshe ne a cikin DNA. Saboda haka, da nazarin halittu rawar da carbohydrates a jikin mutum shi ne cewa suna da hannu a cikin samuwar raka'a gadar hali - da kwayoyin halittu da kuma chromosomes.

Exemplary pentose dauke da wani aldehyde kungiyar da tartsatsi a cikin shuka mulkina xylose (kunshe ne a cikin tushe da kuma tsaba), alpha-arabinose (adana a cikin gumis na dutse 'ya'yan itatuwa). Saboda haka, da rarraba da nazarin halittu rawar da carbohydrates a jikin mafi girma tsire-tsire ne manyan isa.

Mene ne oligosaccharides

Idan sharan na kwayoyin na monosaccharides, kamar glucose ko fructose, nasaba da covalent shaidu, da kafa oligosaccharides - polymeric carbohydrates. Rawar da carbohydrates a jikin duka biyu shuke-shuke da dabbobi bambanta. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na disaccharides. Mafi na kowa daga cikinsu akwai sucrose, lactose, maltose da trehalose. Saboda haka, sucrose, in ba haka ba da aka sani da kara ko gwoza sugar, dauke a cikin shuke-shuke kamar yadda wani bayani da kuma adana a cikin asallanta, ko tushe. Hydrolysis da kafa kwayoyin na glucose da fructose. Madara da sukari, lactose ne na dabba da asali. Ga wasu mutane, akwai rashin ha} uri ga wannan abu hade da hyposecretion enzyme lactase, wanda karya saukar da madara da sukari galactose kuma glucose. Da muhimmancin da rai da kwayoyin bambancin carbohydrates. Alal misali, disaccharide trehalose, hada da biyu glucose sharan, wani ɓangare na hemolymph na crustaceans, gizo-gizo, kwari. Yana kuma yakan faru a cikin sel na fungi da kuma wasu algae.

Wani disaccharide - Maltose, ko malt sugar, yana kunshe ne a cikin caryopses na sha'ir ko hatsin rai a cikin germination, shi ne kwayoyin kunsha na biyu glucose sharan. An kafa ta lalata kayan lambu ko dabba sitaci. A cikin kananan hanji mutane da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa maltose cleaved ta enzyme - maltase. A ta rashi a pancreatic ruwan bayyana Pathology sa da rashin ha} uri ga abinci sitaci glycogen ko kayan lambu da kayayyakin. A wannan yanayin, musamman rage cin abinci da kuma aka kara wa rage cin abinci na enzyme kanta.

Complex carbohydrates a cikin yanayi

Su ne sosai tartsatsi, musamman a cikin kayan lambu duniya, suna biopolymers kuma suna da wani babban kwayoyin nauyi. Alal misali, sitaci shi ne 800 000, kuma a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara - 1 600 000. A polysaccharides bambanta a cikin abun da ke ciki na monomers, Polymerization digiri, kuma sarkar tsawo. A bambanci ga sauki sugars da oligosaccharides wanda suke readily mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, kuma suna da zaki da dandano, polysaccharides hydrophobic da kuma m. Ka yi la'akari da rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jikin mutum a matsayin wani misali na glycogen - dabba sitaci. An hada daga glucose da kuma ajiye a hepatocytes kuma kwarangwal tsoka Kwayoyin, inda da abun ciki shi ne sau biyu ya fi a cikin hanta. By samuwar glycogen ne ma iya subcutaneous mai, neurocytes da macrophages. Wani polysaccharide - kayan sitaci ne samfurin na photosynthesis da aka samar a plastids na kore.

Daga farkon wayewar dan adam ne, babban kaya na sitaci sun muhimmanci da amfanin gona: shinkafa da dankali da masara. Su ne har yanzu tushen da rage cin abinci na da mafi yawan mutane a duniya. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ne don haka m carbohydrates. Rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki ne, kamar yadda muka gani, a cikin aikace-aikace kamar yadda wani ikon-yunwa da sauri digestible kwayoyin halitta.

Akwai wani rukuni na polysaccharides wanda suke monomers hyaluronic acid sharan. Su kira pectins kuma suna da kayan gini da shuka Kwayoyin. Musamman arziki a cikin su kwasfa apples, gwoza ɓangaren litattafan almara. Salula abubuwa pectins tsara kwayuka matsa lamba - turgor. A cikin confectionery masana'antu, suna amfani da gelling kuma thickening jamiái a samar da high quality-iri marshmallow kuma jelly. A abun da ake ci amfani da ilimin aiki abubuwa ne da deducing gubobi daga ciwon.

Mene ne glycolipids

Yana da wani ban sha'awa kungiyar na hadaddun mahadi na carbohydrates da fats da suke a cikin m nama. Ya kunshi kwakwalwa da kuma laka da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Glycolipids ake samu a cikin abun da ke ciki na cell membranes. Alal misali, kwayoyin cuta suna da hannu a cikin cell-cell lambobi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mahadi ne zuwa antigens (abubuwa da gane Landsteiner AB0 jini kungiyar tsarin). A cikin sel dabbobi, tsirrai da mutane, fãce glycolipids, suna ba da jinsin mai kwayoyin. Sun yi da farko makamashi aiki. Bayan tsakiyan nonon na daya gram na kitse 38.9 KJ na makamashi da aka saki. tsarin aiki (ɓangare na jikin tantanin) zuwa lipids ma halin. Saboda haka, wa'yannan ayyuka suna yi da carbohydrates da fats. Rawar da suka taka a cikin jiki ne musamman high.

Rawar da carbohydrates da lipids a cikin jiki

A mutane da dabbobi Kwayoyin za a iya lura interconversions na polysaccharides kuma fats faruwa a sakamakon metabolism. Masana kimiyya da nutritionists gano cewa fiye da kima ci daga starchy abinci take kaiwa zuwa jari na mai. Idan mutum yana da cuta daga cikin pancreas cikin sharuddan kadaici ko amylase kaiwa wani sedentary salon, da nauyi iya zama manya-manyan. Yana da daraja ambaton cewa carbohydrate-arziki abinci da aka rushe, yafi a cikin duodenum cikin glucose. Ta tunawa da capillaries na villi na kananan hanji da kuma ajiye a cikin hanta da kuma tsokoki a matsayin glycogen. A mafi m musayar abubuwa a cikin jiki, da more shi ne raba cikin glucose. shi ne to amfani da primary Kwayoyin, mai kuzari abu. Wannan bayanai bayar da amsa ga tambayar da irin rawa da carbohydrates, jikin mutum.

Ma'ana na glycoproteins

Mahadi wannan rukuni na abubuwa wakilta hadaddun carbohydrate + gina jiki. Su kira glycoconjugates. Wannan antibody, hormones, membrane tsarin. Bugawa biochemical karatu sun tabbatar da cewa idan glycoproteins fara canza ta 'yan qasar (na halitta) tsarin, shi take kaiwa ga ci gaban wadannan hadaddun cututtuka irin su fuka, rheumatoid amosanin gabbai, da ciwon daji. Rawar da glycoconjugates a cikin metabolism na cell ne high. Alal misali, interferons hana multiplication da ƙwayoyin cuta, immunoglobulins kare jiki da pathogens. jini sunadaran ma cikin wannan rukuni na abubuwa. Sun bayar da kariya da kuma buffering Properties. Duk na sama ayyuka aka tabbatar da da cewa da physiological rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki ne bambancin da muhimmiyar.

Inda kuma yadda carbohydrates suna kafa

Major kaya na sauki da kuma hadadden sugars - a kore shuka: algae, mafi girma spore, gymnosperms da flowering. Su duk dauke da pigment chlorophyll Kwayoyin. Shi ne wani ɓangare na thylakoid - Tsarin chloroplast. Rasha masanin kimiyya KA Timiryazev karatu aiwatar da photosynthesis, sakamakon samuwar carbohydrates. Rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki da shuka shi ne jari na sitaci a cikin 'ya'yan, da tsaba da kuma kwararan fitila, watau, a cikin vegetative gabobin. photosynthesis inji shi ne wajen rikitarwa da kuma kunshi jerin enzymatic halayen da ya faru duka a cikin haske da kuma a cikin duhu. Glucose da aka hada daga carbon dioxide a karkashin mataki na enzymes. Heterotrophic kwayoyin amfani da kore shuke-shuke a matsayin tushen abinci da makamashi. Saboda haka, shi tsire-tsire ne da farko mahada a duk abinci, sarƙoƙi da ake kira kera.

Kwayoyin na heterotrophic kwayoyin carbohydrates hada a santsi tashoshi (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum. Sa'an nan kuma suna amfani da makamashi da kuma gini abu. A shuka Kwayoyin carbohydrates bugu da žari kafa a Golgi, sa'an nan kuma zuwa kafa cellulosic cell bango. A kan aiwatar da narkewa fili dabba vertabrate arziki a cikin carbohydrates, partially rushe a cikin bakin da ciki. Main dissimilation guda halayen da faruwa a cikin duodenum. Kamar yadda tsaye pancreatic ruwan dauke da amylase enzyme cewa cleaves sitaci to glucose. Kamar yadda aka ce a baya, glucose da ake tunawa a cikin jini a cikin kananan hanji da kuma aka yada a kan duk Kwayoyin. Ga shi da ake amfani da matsayin makamashi Madogararsa da kuma wani tsarin abu. Wannan bayyana rawar da carbohydrates wasa a cikin jiki.

Nadmembrannye gidaje heterotrophic Kwayoyin

Su ne halayyar dabbobi da fungi. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki da kuma kwayoyin kungiyar na wadannan Tsarin aka wakilta mahadi kamar lipids, sunadaran da carbohydrates. Rawar da carbohydrates a cikin jiki - shi ne da hannu a samar da makamashi metabolism da kuma gini membranes. A mutane da dabbobi Kwayoyin da musamman tsarin bangaren kira glycocalyx. Wannan bakin ciki surface Layer hada da glycolipids da glycoproteins hade da cytoplasmic membrane. Yana bayar da wani kai tsaye mahada tare da waje na sel. Nan ya zo da fahimta da samuwar kasashe da kuma extracellular narkewa. Saboda su carbohydrate harsashi Kwayoyin tsaya ga juna ulla wannan masana'anta. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira mannewa. Mun kuma ƙara da cewa "wutsiyoyi" carbohydrate kwayoyin samu a cell surface kuma an fuskantar a interstitial ruwa.

Wani rukuni na heterotrophic kwayoyin - fungi na'ura ila yau yana da surface, da ake kira cell bango. Yana hada hadaddun sugars - chitin, glycogen. Wasu iri fungi ma dauke da narkewa carbohydrates kamar trehalose, kira naman kaza sugar.

A unicellular dabbobi kamar ciliates, surface Layer - pellicle ma ya ƙunshi oligosaccharide gidaje tare da sunadaran da lipids. Wasu sauki pellicle bakin ciki isa kuma ba ya hana wani canji a jikin siffar. Amma a wasu shi thickens kuma zama da karfi kamar yadda makamai, dauke da wani m aiki.

Shuka cell bango

Yana kuma ƙunshi yawa carbohydrates, musamman cellulose tattara a matsayin daure na zaruruwa. Wadannan Tsarin samar da firam, na nutsa cikin wani colloidal matrix. Ya kunshi da farko na oligosaccharides da polysaccharides. A cell ganuwar da kayan lambu Kwayoyin iya lignificated. A wannan yanayin, da sarari tsakanin bim suna cike da cellulose sauran carbohydrates - lignin. Yana kara habaka da goyon bayan aikin na jikin tantanin. Sau da yawa, musamman a perennial ligneous shuke-shuke, da matsanancin Layer kunshi cellulose mai rufi mai-kamar abu - suberin. Yana hana ingress ruwa a cikin shuka nama, saboda haka muhimmi Kwayoyin hanzari mutu kashe da kuma rufe da wata Layer na toshe kwalaba.

A takaice, za mu ga cewa a cikin shuka cell bango ne da nasaba, carbohydrates da fats. Rawar da suka taka a cikin jiki phototrophs underestimated tun glycolipid gidaje samar da wani goyon bayan da kuma m aiki. Za mu yi nazarin da dama carbohydrates, musamman ga Monera mulkin kwayoyin. Wannan ya hada da prokaryotes, kamar kwayoyin. Su cell bango ya ƙunshi wani carbohydrate - murein. Dangane da surface tsarin da na'ura da aka raba kwayoyin gram-tabbatacce kuma gram-korau.

A tsarin da na biyu rukuni ne mafi hadaddun. Wadannan kwayoyin suna da biyu yadudduka: roba da kuma m. A farko ƙunshi mucopolysaccharides, msl murein. Its kwayoyin da irin manyan cibiyar sadarwa Tsarin, kafa wani kwantena a kusa da kwayan cell. Na biyu Layer kunshi peptidoglycan - fili polysaccharides da kuma sunadarai.

cell bango lipopolysaccharides damar kwayoyin to bi da tabbaci ga daban-daban substrates, kamar hakori enamel ko eukaryotic jikin tantanin. Bugu da kari, glycolipids inganta mannewa na kwayan Kwayoyin to juna. Kamar wancan kafa ta, msl, streptococci sarkar tari staphylococci, haka ma, wasu jinsunan prokaryotes da ƙarin mucosa - peplos. Ya ƙunshi a cikin abun da ke ciki da polysaccharides da kuma sauƙi halakar da wuya radiation ko ta lamba tare da wasu sunadaran kamarsu maganin rigakafi.