Mene ne yawan marasa aikin yi? Ta yaya domin sanin matakin da rashin aikin yi a kasar?

Domin shekaru da dama a jere, wasu manazarta da kuma tattalin arziki masana hango ko hasashen farko na tattalin arziki da koma bayan tattalin arziki a Rasha. Wannan halin da ake ciki entails da matsaloli da yawa ga talakawa dan kasa, babban abin da - da yawan marasa aikin yi a kasar. Nazarin wannan batun kungiyar kamar Rostrud - tarayya sabis, gudu da Ma'aikatar {wadago da Social Tsaro.

Duk da haka, yawan marasa aikin yi ba za a iya daukarsa a matsayin mai cikakkar awo na kasar matsaloli. A duk ya dogara kan yadda lissafin ake yi. Gaskiyar cewa ba duk Categories mutane za a iya amincewa dangana ga yawan marasa aikin yi. Me wannan yake da faruwa da kuma yadda za a tantance matakin da rashin aikin yi a kasar? Bari mu dubi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Concepts da ma'anar

Kalmar "rashin aikin yi" tana nufin wani halin da ake ciki inda aiki a cikin tattalin arziki sharuddan na yawan iya samun biya aiki da haka ne ya zama wani irin kaya masu nauyi ga sauran mazauna jihar. Kamar yadda aka ayyana ta kasa da kasa Labor Organization, da m - wani mutum wanda yake so ya yi aiki, kuma yana da jiki yiwuwar, amma shi ba ya samun musamman a wurin aiki.

Domin yadda ya kamata lissafi duk Manuniya, dole ne mu farko raba daukacin jama'ar cikin 2 kungiyoyin:

1. tattalin arziki m (EN) - wadanda 'yan asalin wanda ba za a iya daukarsa a matsayin aiki da karfi domin dalilai daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da:

• makarantu cikakken lokaci dalibai;
• ritaya, a cikinsa ritaya amfanin tushe aiki ne m.
• persons tsunduma a cikin iyali, ta kula da lafiya, da yara, sabili da haka da ikon yin aiki;
• mutane disillusioned da aikinku search da kuma daina kokarin;
• kawai ba su so su yi aiki, ko kuma ba su da irin wannan bukata.

2. tattalin arziki aiki (EA) - da iya-bodied jama'ar na kasar, tuni ciwon aiki ko suke a cikin aiki search na ta. Wannan bangare kuma kara kasu kashi biyu Categories:

• aiki (B) - 'yan kasa (la'akari da shekaru) wanda ake aiki da kuma samun biya bashin aiki, kazalika da waɗanda suka yi aiki da mai kyau, misali, iyali kasuwanci, da kuma biyan ba samu.
• m (B) - ɓangare na aiki-shekaru, yawan, abin da ba ya azuzuwan, ga wanda ya yarda aka yi samun kudin shiga. a cikin hali na aikin tayi shirya don fara aiki nan da nan. An rayayye neman (aika da aiki, ke da aikin yi cibiyar, ko abokai, halartar aiki bikin, da dai sauransu ...). gudanar da horo (maimatawar horaswa) da aikin sabis.

A general zamu iya cewa da yawan marasa aikin yi aka bayyana a matsayin rabo na karshen category mun yi nazari jimlar yawan EA (tattalin arziki aiki yawan). Amma za mu magana game da kadan daga baya.

Dalilai da shafi matakin rashin aikin yi

Kafin sanin matakin da rashin aikin yi a kasar, shi ne magana game da abin da ya shafi wannan index. A rashin aikin yi da ke shafar babbar yawan dalilai a kasar, daga cikinsu 'yan asali:

• girma ko karkatar da tattalin arzikin.
• YAWAN JAMA'A.
• aiki yawan aiki.
• marmarin na yawan canza aiki, ko canza jobs.
• harkar muhimmanci dalilai: rashin ilimi, ciki, barasa ko magani dogara, da dai sauransu.;
• da wadata da kuma bukatar da wani irin aiki.

More daki-daki nazarin wadannan dalilai, akwai da dama daban-daban na rashin aikin yi.

Mene ne wannan?

Duk wanda yake so ya san yadda za a tantance matakin da rashin aikin yi a kasar, kamata ka sani cewa wannan sabon abu iya daban-daban yi dangane da irin. Rashin aikin yi ya kasance:

• Da son rai. Wannan irin da ake dangantawa da cewa, wasu mutane ba sa so su yi aiki a karkashin wani yanayi, misali a lokuta inda rage Hakkin. Har ila yau, akwai wata manufar tattalin arziki a matsayin "rashin aikin yi tarko". Wannan abu ya faru a lokacin da, domin dalilai daban-daban da matakin na mutum samun kudin shiga da ya rage kusan canzawa, ko da kuwa ko da yake aiki, ko ba. Alal misali, sa'ad da adadin da amfani biya ta jihar, shi ne kusan daidai da samarwa albashi. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da kara kuzari ga aikin a cikin mutane ba ya wanzu.
• Tilasta. Halin da cewa wani mutum wanda yana da marmarin samun wani aiki da kuma shirye su fitina, kawai ba zai iya samun aiki. Wannan ya faru a lokacin da real la'ada ya wuce abin da na taimaka wa ma'auni na wadata da kuma bukatar. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa bada shawarwari fara wuce bukatar.

Involuntary rashin aikin yi da za a iya raba 3 iri:

• tsari na faruwa a lokacin mechanization (aiki) samar da take kaiwa zuwa wani ragi na ma'aikata, ko kuma rashin cancantar.
• yanayi halayyar wasu masana'antu inda samarwa ne lokaci-lokaci.
• An halin maimaita cyclical dakushe samarwa a wani musamman yankin ko a cikin dukan ƙasar.

More game da views

Ƙarin maki za a iya bambanta da dama iri:

• Hukumomi faruwa a lokacin da baki na kwadago ko jiha a saitin albashi rates a take hakkin da dokokin na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci.
• Tsarin auku a kawar rabu amfani fuskar tattalin arziki da abin da ya faru na sabon fasahohin bukata musamman cancantar.
• A gogayya hade da wani son rai canji na jobs, fitarwa (daga) na (c) na haihuwa iznin, canji zama, kuma haka a kan; yawanci gajere yanayi.

Zaka kuma iya ware wani 2 iri na rashin aikin yi: da rijista da kuma boye. Da farko bayyana ta da rabo daga cikin m yawan, a hukumance soma a kan asusun na aikin sabis don jimlar yawan iya-bodied yawan jama'a. Na biyu ya bayyana yawan mutane da suka ba rajista ko aiki kawai ƙa'ida, amma a gaskiya aika hutu a kansa kudi saboda ƙananan samar kundin.

The yawan marasa aikin yi a kasar: da dabara domin kirga

Kowace daga cikin wadannan iri na da hanyar da lissafi, amma za mu magana game da mafi janar embodiment. A dabara domin kayyade matakin na rashin aikin yi da aka bayyana a matsayin rabo na jimlar yawan marasa aikin yi ga yawan tattalin arziki aiki yawan jama'a. Yana kama da wannan:

K = (B * 100%) / EA,

inda EA = H + B (B - aiki yawan; B - m).

Ga yadda za a tantance matakin da rashin aikin yi a kasar. Statistics ake harhada dogara ne a kan wadannan lissafin.

tattalin arziki sakamakon

Duk wanda yake da sha'awar yadda za a tantance matakin da rashin aikin yi a kasar, ya kamata kuma a san cewa wannan sabon abu entails a isasshe tsanani mummunan sakamakon. Daga wani tattalin arziki da ra'ayi, da karuwa a rashin aikin yi take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa Goszanyatosti asusun ciyarwarsu don biyan bashin da na samun aikin yi, to rajista 'yan ƙasa. Kara yawan marasa aiki ya haifar da hasarori albashi da kuma kudin shiga haraji, wanda shi ne quite halitta: babu aiki, babu albashi, ya kuma inganta haraji biya ba daya.

Wani tattalin arziki sakamako rashin aikin yi ne dakushe sayen ikon 'yan ƙasa. A dangane da asarar m jobs, mutane suna tilasta su su rage kudaden da ake kashewa zuwa m.

zaman jama'a factor

Daga cikin matsalolin zamantakewa za a iya kira m lalacewar al'umma. Mutumin ya rasa aikinsa, hasarar ba kawai albashi. Ya yi hasarar basira, yarda da kai, sau da yawa ake raunanar, yin shi da wuya a kara bincike. Musamman m ne irin wannan sabon abu cikin matasa, inda rashin kwarewa da kuma sana'a horo muhimmanci rage yiwuwar aikin. A irin wannan yanayi, ƙaramin tsara rabo iya fi son search aiki Saide na ba-aiki, yin laifi.

A gwaninta na tattalin arziki raya ƙasashe nuna cewa kasuwar ne ba iya jimre da matsalar kadai. Akwai lalle zã bukatar gwamnatin sa baki, taimako da kuma taimako.

statistics

A cewar masana harkokin tattalin arziki, matsalar shi ne rashin wani m aiki, fiye ko žasa gida. A manyan birane, shi ne kusan ba ya ji, yayin da kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized garuruwa, kamar yadda kasance a kan periphery na, abin tambaya shi ne quite m. Wadannan Manuniya da mummunan tasiri a kan yawan marasa aikin yi a kasar.

Statistics ce cewa mafi kudi na rashin aikin yi na yawan lissafinsu 1990 da kuma na 5.2%. Mai yiwuwa, rinjayar da Tarayyar Soviet ta umurnin tattalin arzikin An šanyi warware wannan matsala. Amma matsakaicin darajar da adadi ya kai a cikin 1998 (13.2%).

A ãdalci ya kamata a lura da cewa da tasiri na jama'a manufofin da amfani ga wadannan Manuniya, kuma ta 2007 da yawan marasa aikin yi a kasar. (Statistics ya tabbatar da wannan) an rage zuwa 6.1%. A nan gaba, wadannan Manuniya fluctuated a +/- 1.5-2% zuwa 5.3% a karshen 2014.

Kintacen Rasha for 2014-2015

Kuma abin da game da yau? Yadda yana da matakin na rashin aikin yi a kasar? A Rasha, bisa ga masana, akwai ta kwanan nan kasance wani kwari girma na wannan sabon abu. Wannan shi ne saboda wani karu a cikin rates da kuma kundin na samar da, kamar yadda wani sakamako, rage ma'aikata. Kuma idan Figures a 5.5%, an kimanta to tattalin arziki, da karshen shekara ta 2015 da hukuma yawan marasa aikin yi zai tashi da sauri, kuma isa 6.4% da aka rubuta a cikin watan Janairu na wannan shekara.

Abin lura shi ne cewa saka idanu na IMF tattalin arziki kusan gama daidai da ra'ayi na Rasha kwararru. A dalilan da irin wannan halin da ake ciki a cikin aiki kasuwa ne haƙĩƙa wani rikicin a cikin Sashin Turai, kazalika, ba shakka, da siyasa bangaren. Takunkumin tattalin arziki da Rasha ne a fili da mummunan tasiri a kan wasu sassa na tattalin arziki, kazalika da tare da wata babbar yawan masu zuba jari. Kwantar da hankali shi ne gaskiya cewa, bisa ga kiyasin na IMF, ta 2016 da halin da ake ciki stabilized dan kadan da kuma yawan marasa aikin yi zai sauke ta kamar yadda rabin kashi.