Mene ne tsire-tsire? Wanne kungiyoyin na horar da shuke-shuke a can?

Nature ne sosai bambancin, akwai miliyoyin jinsunan kowane irin kwayoyin da suke zaune a daban-daban sasanninta na Duniya. Bisa ga taxonomy, sun kasu kashi biyu dauloli: ba-salon salula da kuma salon salula. Tsohon hada da kawai da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma na biyu kungiyar, bi da bi, ya kawo tare biyu domains: prokaryotes (kwayoyin wanda Kwayoyin dauke da nuclei, wato archaea da kwayoyin) da kuma eukaryotes (da tsakiya shi ne ba). Saba mana dabbobi da furanni ciki na biyu irin. Eukaryotes kasu kashi biyar mulkokin: Chrome, protists, da dabbobi, fungi da kuma shuke-shuke. Shi ne game da baya da kuma za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Rawar da shuke-shuke

Ba tare da su ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin rayuwa a duniya. Tsire-tsire yi wani muhimmin aiki - na photosynthesis a cikin abin da oxygen da aka samo asali. Shi ne saboda wadannan kwayoyin, cikin yanayin duniya ya zama abin da muka san shi a yau - da wani babban abun ciki na oxygen da kuma lemar sararin samaniya ball, kare shi daga cutarwa sakamakon ultraviolet radiation.

Su kuma zama a matsayin wani muhimmin tushen kwayoyin halitta. Tsire-tsire da za a iya ce wa "ciyar" dukan duniya, domin a kowane abinci sarkar, su ne na farko mahada.

kimiyya rarrabuwa

Kowane sha'awar sani abin da su ne tsire-tsire, saboda haka bari mu fara da cewa mun yi la'akari da kimiyya rarrabuwa.

Dukan su kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin: mafi girma da kuma ƙananan. A karshen hada da algae (hudu sassan: ja, ruwan kasa, blue da kuma blue-kore). Higher shuke-shuke hada da shida ƙungiyoyin: lycopsids, horsetail, yada Moss, fern, gymnosperms da angiosperms (flowering shuke-shuke). Nau'in shuke-shuke ne kamar haka: Front - aji - domin - iyali - HALITTAR - jinsunan.

A tarihin nazarin tsire-tsire

Sa'an nan abin da su ne tsire-tsire tun zamanin da sha'awar mutane da yawa - biyu masana kimiyya da kuma kawai m mutane.

Da ake kira "haifi o" cancanci zamanin d Girkanci masanin kimiyya Theophrastus, wanda ya rayu a 370-285 shekaru. BC. e. Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko wanda ya fara gano da topic a kan abin da akwai shuke-shuke. Ya raba su a cikin daban-daban kungiyoyin bisa ga bayyanar, flowering lokaci da sauransu. D.

Har ila yau, babban nazari hade tare da shuke-shuke, ta gudanar da Roman masanin Dioscorides. Ya rayu a arni na farko BC. e. Ya rike aikin, wanda ya bayyana da kaddarorin game da shida ganye.

The masanin kimiyya ne da halitta na farko rarrabuwa na duk halittu, ya Karl Linney. Ransa dade daga 1708 zuwa 1778 a cikin aikinsa "Systema Naturae" da kuma ba abu a kan abin da akwai shuke-shuke. Flowering ya systematized da yawan stamens a gare su.

Har ila yau fice masu bincike da suka kebe kansu harkokinmu shuka binciken, ya Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841). Ya rike aikin "precursor halitta kayan lambu mulki tsarin", wanda ya bayyana game da 60 dubban jinsuna daban.

Har ila yau, mai girma taimako ga kimiyya sanya ta Adolf Gustav Heinrich Engler (1844-1930), wanda ya shiga tsakani a kyautata na shuka rarrabuwa. Ya mallakar ayyukansa, kamar da "halitta tsarin na shuka iyalansu", "kayan lambu mulkin", "Shirin na flowering shuka iyalai" an halicce a tare da sauran botanists. Suna aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, abin da kungiyoyin na tsire-tsire ne. Bugu da kari ga rarrabuwa, Engler kuma tsunduma phytogeography. A san shi da aiki a cikin wannan masana'antu ne "Land Ciyayi" a goma sha biyar kundin, da kuma "World of Gabas Afirka shuke-shuke da kewaye yankin."

Koyi game da daban-daban azuzuwan na shuke-shuke

Kowace shuka sashen ne zuwa kashi azuzuwan. Lycopsids da guda ɗaya kawai na wannan sunan. By horsetail tana nufin aji equisetopsida. Yada Moss kasu kashi sphagnum, leafy, Andreeva, politrihovye, tetrafisovye, takakievye mosses. A fern sashen hada da eponymous aji da kuma salvinievye da psilotovidnye. Gymnosperms hada ginkgovidnye, sagovnikovye, gnetophyta kuma Pine ko conifer.

Classes na flowering shuke-shuke: dicotyledons da monocotyledons. Wannan ya hada da mafi yawan mu saba Flora. A farko aji ya hada da wake, Rosaceae, Birch, gyada, kabewa, Willow, laima, kazalika da yawa wasu iyalai. Na biyu - Lily, orchid, hatsi, banana, albasa, Iris, dabino da sauransu.

Nau'in shuke-shuke da tsarin da vegetative sassa

Tun da farko a kan wannan manufa akwai uku kungiyoyin: ciyawa, bushes da itatuwa. Yanzu da shuka za a iya raba bakwai rai-siffofin. Wannan ciyawa, tsire (sosai fleshy mai tushe, wanda dauke da manyan yawa na ruwa, wadannan sun hada da murtsunguwa, Aloe, kalanchoe, agave, da dai sauransu), inabõbi, bushes, shrubs, itatuwa.

Sauran hanyoyin da shuka rarrabuwa

Su kuma za a iya raba al'adu, daji da kuma weeds. Farko - wadanda shuke-shuke da suna girma da mutum ga wasu dalilai, suka kuma za a iya systematized. Known bincike NI Vavilov rubuta game da abin da wani rukuni na horar da shuke-shuke a can. Wannan topic ne ban sha'awa da yawa wasu. Horar da shuke-shuke za a iya raba su goma sha uku kungiyoyin. A su za a tattauna a kasa.

Saboda haka wanda kungiyar na horar da shuke-shuke a can?

• Inulinonosnye. Tsire-tsire wanda dauke da wani polysaccharide kira "inulin". Wannan abu da aka yi amfani da magani, kuma an yi amfani da matsayin sugar canza wa masu ciwon sukari. Wannan kungiyar hada dahlia, chicory, Urushalima artichoke.
• Zhirnomaslichnye. Waɗannan su ne tsire-tsire da cewa ana amfani da daban-daban mai. Wadannan sun hada da sunflower, sesame, rapeseed, safflower, da sauransu. D.
• Abinci: sochnoplodnye, itace tverdoplodnye da m tsaba. Wannan kungiyar hada pears, apples, plums, apricots, inabi, currants, Hazel, ceri, dabino, da sauransu. D.
• Protein. Shuke-shuke da wani high gina jiki abun ciki a cikin 'ya'yan itace. Wannan soya, Peas, wake, lupins, sauran legumes.
• Krahmalonosnye. Wannan musamman dankali da masara, hatsi, alkama, buckwheat, shinkafa, gero, hatsin rai, dawa, yams, zaki da dankali.
• Fiber. Shuke-shuke da cewa suna amfani da samar da filaments. Wannan auduga, hemp, flax, jute.
• A sugar. Wannan kungiyar hada kawai kara da beets.
• Kayan lambu. Wannan tumatir, kokwamba, squash, eggplant, barkono, kabeji, karas, radishes, seleri, faski, tafarnuwa, albasa, eggplant da kuma more.
• Haramta motsa da narcotic. Wannan shayi, kofi, koko, taba, poppy da sauransu.
• Ciyar. Wadannan sun hada da Clover, kabeji da turnip, rutabaga, alfalfa.
• Na roba. Wannan kungiyar hada Hevea, masu ɗaci, Dandelion, milkweed.
• Itace aikin injiniya da kuma magunguna. Wadannan sun hada da eucalyptus, cinchona, bamboo.
• Ado. Wannan kungiyar hada roba shuke-shuke, wardi, maples, wasu jinsunan ferns da itãcen dabĩnai, kuma a nan za a iya ranked da houseplants.

Kan abin da ake horar da shuke-shuke, iya koya daga littafin Zhukovskogo P. M. "horar da shuke-shuke da dangi," da aka rubuta a shekarar 1964.