Mene ne raunana hulda a kimiyyar lissafi?

The rauni hulda - shi ne daya daga cikin hudu na asali sojojin da mulki duk kwayoyin halitta a cikin duniya. A wasu uku - gravitation, electromagnetism, kuma da karfi hulda. Duk da yake wasu sojojin rike abubuwa tare, da rauni da karfi taka muhimmiyar rawa a halaka su.

The rauni hulda da karfi nauyi, amma shi ne tasiri ne kawai a sosai short nisa. Force abubuwa a kan subatomic matakin, da kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da samar da makamashi na taurari da kuma samar da abubuwa. Shi ne ma alhakin wani babban ɓangare na halitta radiation a cikin sararin samaniya.

Fermi ka'idar

Italian likita Enrico Fermi a shekara ta 1933, ɓullo da wani ka'idar bayyana beta lalace - aiwatar da hira da wani neutron cikin wani proton da wani electron kawar da, sau da yawa ake magana a kai a cikin wannan mahallin, da beta barbashi. Ya ayyana wani sabon irin ikon, da ake kira rauni hulda, wadda ke da alhakin rushewar, da muhimman hakkokin aiwatar da canji na wani neutron cikin wani proton, wani electron da wani neutrino, wanda daga baya aka gano a matsayin antineutrinos.

Fermi farko zaci cewa akwai wani nesa daga sifili da Clutch. Biyu barbashi ya adjoin tilasta aiki. Tun da shi ya bayyana cewa rauni hulda a zahiri shi ne wani m karfi, wanda bayyana kanta a wani musamman takaice nesa, daidai da 0.1% na wani proton diamita.

electroweak karfi

A rediyoaktif lalata na da rauni da karfi ne game da 100 000 sau karami fiye da electromagnetic. Duk da haka, shi ne a yanzu aka fi sani da cewa shi ne ƙ electromagnetic, kuma wadannan guda biyu sosai daban-daban mamaki ana yi ĩmãni wakiltar wani buɗi na guda electroweak karfi. Wannan aka tabbatar da cewa sun zo tare a kuzari fiye da 100 GeV.

An wani lokacin ya bayyana cewa rauni hulda da aka bayyana a cikin lalata kwayoyin. Duk da haka mezhmolekulrnye sojojin ne electrostatic a yanayi. Suka gano da Van der Waals da kai sunansa.

A misali model

The rauni hulda a kimiyyar lissafi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin misali model - na farko barbashi ka'idar, abin da ya bayyana muhimman hakkokin tsarin al'amari, ta amfani da wani sa na m lissafai. A cewar wannan model da na farko barbashi m. E. Wannan ba za a iya raba karami sassa, ne gini tubalan talikai.

Wata irin wannan barbashi ne quark. Masana kimiyya ba nufa da wanzuwar wani abu karami, amma har yanzu suna neman. Akwai 6 iri ko iri na quarks. Wajen da su domin kara taro:

• babba.
• m.
• kasa;
• sihirce.
• lovely.
• gaskiya.

A daban-daban haduwa, sai suka samar da wani m iri-iri iri subatomic barbashi. Alal misali, protons da neutrons - babban barbashi atomic tsakiya - quark kunshi uku kowanne. Biyu manya da ƙananan dauki kashi proton. Manya da ƙananan biyu ya samar da wata neutron. quark sa canji musanyãwa proton zuwa neutron, game da shi ta hanyar mayar da daya kashi zuwa wani.

Wani irin barbashi ne boson. Wadannan barbashi - vectors hulda, wanda ya kunshi katakanta da makamashi. Photons ne mai irin boson, gluons - da sauran. Kowace daga cikin wadannan hudu sojojin ne sakamakon musayar hulda tsakanin yan dako. Strong hulda ne gluon da electromagnetic - photon. Graviton rubuce ne m da karfi na nauyi, amma sai aka iske ba.

W- kuma Z-bosons

Rauni hulda da aka yi sulhu tsakani W- kuma Z-bosons. Wadannan barbashi aka annabta ta Nobel yabon Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam, kuma a cikin 60s na karshe karni, kuma ba su same su a shekarar 1983 a Turai Organization for nukiliya Research CERN.

W-bosons ake electrically caje da aka denoted ta W ⁺ (lallai cajin) da kuma W ^- (barnatar da cajin). W-boson ya musanya masa a abun da ke ciki na barbashi. Emitting electrically caje W-boson, quark rauni da karfi musanya sa, sunã mãsu jũyãwa da wani proton cikin wani neutron, ko mataimakin versa. Wannan shi ne abin sa nukiliya fe da kuma sa taurari ƙone.

Wannan dauki halitta mutum abubuwa da cewa yana yiwuwa fitad da shi a sarari ta hanyar supernova fashewar, ya zama gini tubalan na taurari, da shuke-shuke, mutane da komai a duniya.

tsaka tsaki yanzu

Z-boson ne tsaka tsaki, kuma yana da rauni tsaka tsaki halin yanzu. Its hulda da barbashi ne wuya a gane. Gwajin bincike domin W- kuma Z-bosons a shekarun 1960s ya jagoranci masana kimiyya ka'idar, hada da electromagnetic da rauni da karfi a cikin wani aure "electroweak". Duk da haka, ka'idar bukaci barbashi-dako ya zama weightless, amma masana kimiyya sun san cewa W-boson ka'idar ya zama nauyi a bayyana ta gajeren zango. Theorists nauyi W dauki a kan lissafi ganuwa inji kira Higgs inji cewa samar ga wanzuwar Higgs.

A shekarar 2012, CERN sanar da cewa masana kimiyya ta amfani duniya most totur - da Manyan Hadron Collider - lura da wani sabon barbashi, "da Higgs boson dace."

beta lalata

Rauni hulda da aka bayyana a cikin β-lalace - wani tsari a cikin abin da wani proton aka tuba zuwa ga wani neutron, kuma mataimakin versa. Yana faruwa a lokacin wani tsakiya tare da da yawa neutrons ko protons daya daga su tuba zuwa ga sauran.

Beta lalata za a iya yi a daya daga hanyoyi biyu:

1. Lokacin da beta-debe lalace, wani lokacin rubuta kamar β ^- lalace, neutron raba cikin wani proton da wani electron antineutrino.
2. Rauni hulda da aka bayyana ta lalace na atomic nuclei, wani lokacin rubuta kamar β ⁺ lalace, lokacin da proton aka raba cikin wani neutron, kuma positron neutrino.

Daya daga cikin abubuwa za su iya juya a cikin sauran, a lokacin da daya daga cikin neutron spontaneously canza kama zuwa wani proton via korau beta lalata, ko a lokacin da daya daga cikin protons spontaneously canza kama zuwa wani neutron ta hanyar β ⁺ lalace.

Biyu beta lalata faruwa a lokacin da core 2 a lokaci guda ya canza kama zuwa wani proton neutron 2 ko mataimakin versa, inda da jefarwa electron antineutrinos 2 2 da beta barbashi. A misali Neutrinoless biyu beta lalata da neutrinos suna kafa.

electron kama

Proton iya juya a cikin wani neutron ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira electron kama ko K-kama. Lokacin da kwaya yana da wani wuce haddi yawan protons dangane da yawan neutrons, electrons, yawanci daga cikin ciki na electron harsashi kamar fadowa cikin tsakiya. Electron orbitals kama uwar tsakiya, da kayayyakin da suke da 'yar tsakiya da kuma neutrino. A atomic yawan 'yar tsakiya samu ne decremented da 1, amma jimlar yawan protons da neutrons kasance iri guda.

thermonuclear dauki

The rauni hulda da aka hannu a nukiliya Fusion - da dauki wanda SUPPLiES makamashi na rãnã, kuma thermonuclear (hydrogen) bam.

A mataki na farko a cikin hadakar hydrogen ne a karo na biyu protons tare da isasshen karfi wajen shawo kan juna tunkuxe ji da su saboda su electromagnetic hulda.

Idan biyu barbashi an shirya kusa da juna, a da karfi hulda iya yin shirki su. Wannan halitta wani m nau'i na helium ⁽² Ya), wanda yana da core tare da biyu protons, sabanin da barga form (No ^4), wanda yana da biyu protons da biyu neutrons.

A na gaba mataki ya zo a cikin play rauni hulda. Saboda da overabundance na protons daya daga cikinsu shigarsu beta lalace. Bayan haka, da sauran dauki, ciki har da matsakaiciyar samuwar kuma Fusion na ³ Ya ƙarshe ya samar da wata barga ⁴ Ya.